Building Codes for the Fire Services

In the recent Charleston, South Carolina furniture warehouse fire, nine firefighters perished apparently by compromised and structural collapse of the building’s roof. Every year, fire related accidents caused by building collapse; flashover and deadly smoke have been the leading causes of injuries or deaths of firefighters all over the United States (Dunn, 2007). Most tragic was the World Trade Center Twin Towers’ collapse where 343 members of the Fire Department City of New York (FDNY) perished died fifty-six minutes after the attacks (Fema’s US Fire Administration, 2002).The building officials, fire department, architects and engineers did not anticipate that such an attack could happen in American soil. In the light of these developments, the public called for a review of all existing building and fire codes in the country. Dunn (2007) enumerated three most deadly situations in firefighting history where the ten-year study of the National Fire Protection Asso ciation indicated them as the main causes of injuries and fatalities of firefighters. They are collapse, flame spread and smoke.â€Å"The most common types of collapse that have injured and killed many in the line of duty were floor collapse, roof collapse, wall collapse and ceiling collapse† (Dunn 2007). It is imperative that firefighters have the basic knowledge on the behavior of buildings while being engulfed in flames. What they know could save their lives when they take the risk of controlling the situation. It is also important to look back at previous strategies on how buildings were deemed â€Å"fire proofed† and considered safe at all times.To avoid a repeat of the tragic incidents, regulatory bodies, engineers, the academe and other professionals pit their wits and talents to ensure building safety standards are met. It is undeniable that some of the codes have become obsolete with the introduction of new building construction technologies. The Need to Overh aul Existing Codes Traditionally, the safety of buildings has been regulated by codes all over the country.Since the 1800’s the safety of buildings had been mandated by these codes and they include the use of â€Å"fire resistive materials, compartmentation features, and later, installation of automatic sprinkler systems and automatic fire alarm systems. † (Solomon and Hagglund, 2001, p. 619). All of these prescriptions were intended to ensure building safety even in the event of a fire. These also purported to make tall buildings safer. These had worked well under hazardous circumstances but were tested when the 9/11 attacks occurred.Codes across the United States are also moving towards performance measures in addition to the time-tested prescriptions of the codes (Solomon and Hagglund, 2001, p. 619). In New York City, for example, Mayor Bloomberg called for a review of the existing codes that had been in force since 1968 to conform to contemporary needs. New York ha s four construction codes namely the Building Code, Fuel Gas, Mechanical and Plumbing Codes (New New York City Construction Codes, n. d. , p. 1). The City government was caught flatfooted with an outdated construction code when the 9/11 attacks struck.The amendments to the code include the adoption of the International Building Code (IBC) format, placing safety as a priority and preserving some elements of the existing codes while enhancing the â€Å"requirements for fire protection, construction safety, and structural integrity requirements for new buildings. † (New New York City Construction Codes, n. d. , p. 1) Moore (n. d. ) defined building codes as â€Å"extratechnological laws that govern the design and construction of structures. † (p. 262). The codes follow the dictates social and ethical mores where the protection of life and property is a priority.It also traces its roots in the Hammurabi code where a builder was held responsible for a collapsed house that k illed its occupants and applying the lex talionis principle of justice (p. 262). Codes also had grown out of the necessity to adhere to insurance regulations. Protection goals include all the contents of a building or warehouse that were insured. Failure to mitigate the risk like loss to fire would mean economic repercussions for the community or state (Solomon and Hagglund, 2001, p. 625).Code prescriptions until the 1940’s prescribed a fire resistive building as steel framed or buildings that had â€Å"skeletal framework of steel columns and beams which supported the actual weight of the structure and its contents. † (Portolan, n. d. ) The structural elements were fireproofed or encased in concrete or tile (Portolan, n. d. ) In the 1920’s, the codes also regulated the heights of buildings where height limitations had a direct relationship to the construction methods employed (Solomon and Hagglund, 2001, p. 626).Each state though had its interpretation and regul ations concerning construction practices. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed a performance based approach to tall building designs with the hope the building designs and construction methodologies respond to the need for safer buildings. The NFPA outlined six goals to performance based building design. They include: Life Safety of Building Occupants; Property/Contents Protection; Mission Continuity; Environmental Consequence of Fire; Heritage/Cultural Preservation; and Fire Suppression Personnel Safety (Solomon and Hagglund, 2001, p.632). However, not all directives and codes today follow the suggestions of NFPA. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) developed their standards specifically aimed at protecting both firefighters and civilians from fire-related injuries. Some of the standards relevant to the construction industry include NFPA 5000 (Building Construction and Safety Code); â€Å"NFPA 13 (Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems); NFPA 501 (Standard on Manufactured Housing) (NIOSH, 2005, p. 3).According to NIOSH (2005)†, while there are existing standard tests like ANSI (American National Standards Institute) or ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) that govern the safety measures in building materials and construction methodologies, these do not take into consideration real situations involving actual conflagrations and how fires would impact on the structural integrity of the structures (p. 4). NIOSH (2005) also pointed out that existing building codes enforced in various states were not designed specifically to protect firefighters.The design focus was on evacuation procedures and how occupants in the building could escape to safety once an unfortunate event occurred (p. 4). With the new reality that unfolded post-9/11, existing building codes must be reviewed for and in consideration of the risks involved when disasters strike. Basic Knowledge on Structural Behaviors of Buildings Accord ing to Portolan (n. d. (b)), there are five elements of a building that the firefighters need to consider when evaluating how buildings will behave in case of fire and which strategies to use to contain the problem.They include: the type of construction, size of the building, age of the construction, renovation and occupancy. These are essential information that firefighters can use to plan their course of actions. In addition, knowledge on the behavior of the different structural elements of the building is also imperative. Structural loading creates different stresses on the structures and they may occur separately or in combination. The stresses include compression, tensile and shear stresses (Portolan, n. d (b). ). Compression acts when materials are pressed against each other.Tensile stresses happen when the structural elements are pulled in two different directions. Shear stresses cause materials to fracture and slide across the defect in the opposite direction (Portolan, n. d (b). ). Structural elements of the building are subjected to different loads. Columns are commonly subjected to axial loads. Eccentric loads are directed along a parallel axis to the longitudinal section of the structural member and are off-centered. Torsion loads can cause twisting in the structural elements (Portolan, n. d (b).) Aside from the stresses, the firefighters also need to consider which part of the structures are vulnerable or the structural integrity had been compromised because of the fire. When steel beams are subjected to unusually high temperature, the structural member may expand and elongate. If both ends are tightly secured, torsion stresses may cause twisting in beams (Portolan, n. d. (b)). Columns carry the greatest axial loads. The more slender the column, the more it is susceptible to buckling. When axial loads shift to eccentric or torsion loads, it could also be a cause of failure (Portolan, n. d. (b)).About 60% of the buildings in the United States use t he truss system for roofs (NIOSH, 2005, p. 1). Most of the truss systems were made of wood materials. Recent innovation introduced lighter construction materials for truss systems including steel and lighter weight materials intended to accommodate wider spans. Under normal conditions, these engineered materials may perform well. However, when fire occurs, they may be weakened and compromised causing the collapse of roof and floor systems (p. 1). Types of Building Collapses Due to Fire Collapse patterns are different for each element of the building.Walls often collapse in a 90-degree angle. These walls are often constructed using reinforced masonry. Curtain wall collapse occurs when the outer veneer becomes disconnected and they fall straight down to the base of the wall. This type of collapse is also exhibited by unreinforced walls. Inward or outward collapse may also occur if the wall is breached or at areas where it is considerably weaker like door or window openings (Portolan, n. d. (b)). Truss systems of roof and floor often cave-in as their structural integrities were affected by conflagration. Steel trusses are also susceptible to expansion and torsion stresses.Often, firefighters used visual indicators to predict an impending collapse. But these were not enough to prevent accidents from happening. NIOSH (2005) listed three conditions where truss collapse occurs. First, when a firefighter works on the roof top of the burning building, chances of a cave-in is extremely high because the hidden structural members of the truss system had already been subjected to extreme temperatures thereby weakening them. Second, firefighters working inside the burning structure are also subjected to the risk of the entire roof falling onto them.Finally, failed truss systems can precipitate other parts of the structure to collapse like walls (p. 4). Another type of collapse usually found in tall structures is referred to as progressive collapse. Nair (2004) defined progr essive collapse as â€Å"collapse of all or a large part of a structure precipitated by failure or damage of a relatively small part of it. † (p. 1) This theory was used in part to explain why the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York collapsed. Conclusion Knowing how structural members behave during fire would mitigate the risk factors and prevent injuries and deaths.Part of the training of firefighters is knowing how to evaluate the condition of the burning edifice before going in and making a plan of action. The different studies on the behavior of buildings on fire proved to be valuable to firefighters. The recent events had also made regulating bodies review their out-dated Codes. Existing building codes do not include the protection of firefighters in the event of fire. The NFPA and the IBC remedied that deficiency. However, code changes were also met with opposition. Building codes were primarily implemented with economic considerations in mind.It would pro ve to be more costly for the building owner if NFPA or IBC was followed. According to Gips (2005), of the various proposals for change in the Codes, only one was acceptable and included in the IBC. It concerned the fire-resistance ratings of buildings of 420 feet or higher. The new code required a â€Å"minimum three-hour structural fire-resistance rating, whether sprinklers are present or not. † (p. 42+). Other provisions that would make it safer for both firefighters and occupants need more work. References Dunn, V. (2007). Dunn's Dispatch: 9 firefighters die fighting fire in South Carolina furniture storeroom fire.Retrieved 26 June 2007 from: http://cms. firehouse. com/content/article/article. jsp? sectionId=14&id=55205 FEMA’s US Fire Administration (2002). USA releases preliminary firefighter fatality statistics for 2001. Retrieved 26 June 2007 from: http://mcftoa. org/Deathstats1. htm Gips, M. A. (2005, March). The Challenge of Making Safer Structures: Three and a Half Years after 9-11, Building Codes Are Just Starting to Reflect Lessons Learned from the World Trade Center Collapse. Security Management, 49, 42+. Retrieved June 27, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5008988697 Moore, S. A. (n. d.) Building Codes in Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics, 262-266 Retrieved 26 June 2007 from: http://soa. utexas. edu/faculty/moore/selectpub/enc_buildingcodes. pdf Nair, R. S. (2004) Progressive collapse basics. Retrieved 27 June 2007 from: http://www. aisc. org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/Selected_Nair/nairhotlink2. pdf New New York City Construction Codes (n. d. ) Retrieved 26 June 2007 from: http://nyc. gov/html/dob/downloads/pdf/cons_code_faqs. pdf NIOSH (2005) Preventing injuries or deaths of firefighters due to truss system failures. Retrieved 27 June 2007 from: http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/docs/2005-132/pdfs/2005-132.pdf Portolan, C. (n. d. ) Building Construction –Special situations Retrie ved 27 June 2007 from: http://www. lbfdtraining. com/Pages/buildingconstruction/specialsituations. html Portolan, C. (n. d. (b)) Glossary of building construction terminology Retrieved 27 June 2007 from: http://www. lbfdtraining. com/Pages/buildingconstruction/bconstructintro. html Solomon, R. E. and Hagglund, B. (2001) Performance code requirements in the tall building environment in Tall buildings and urban habitat: Cities in the third millennium. Council On Tall Buildings And Urban Habitat – orgname. New York: Spon Press, 619-634.

Practice Makes Perfect Essay Essay

Our world is constantly wrought with the concept that certainty can allow one to achieve all of our desires and dreams. But this ever-present idea is utterly misleading. One cannot rely on certainty because nothing is truly certain. Everything that we hold to be true, has not been proven wrong. According to William Phelps, a sense of certainty will achieve the impossible. However, Bertrand Russell believes it is important to always carry a bit of doubt in one’s life. Nevertheless, people are torn between extra confidences and doubtless. While some may be certain of everything or doubt in any little thing, the human brain should balance these two factors in order to have a well and steady mind. Throughout our daily lives, everyone needs some sort of certainty in order to build up one’s self esteem. However, the certainty should be to an extent. Living in a world full of confidence is not always the right decision thus it can guide into failure. Although, strong beliefs, or a set of mind that leads to certainty is not wrong at all, especially in today’s society, it has been proven that one’s visualization of things is the dependable factor of the outcome of the activity one is about to do. It develops a confident and certain mentality. This way, one is able to give out positive vibes and inspire others to be the best of themselves ad eventually achieve â€Å"virtually anything† even that that seems â€Å"impossible† ().The mindset of believing in achieving the impossible is motivation everyone needs to develop a strong character. Relying too much of certainty may not be so good, since it makes you close minded. This is because you are certain of what you say is right, you don’t even listen to other people’s opinion, which brings tension around you. Over analyzing things and always going for what’s right won’t necessarily make you perfect or certain, instead it could gui de you into a big failure, since at some point you have to make mistakes. Thus, in order to prevent a big upcoming failure one should balance out the certainty they have in themselves. Nevertheless, doubt is an extremely huge necessity one needs among their lives. One of the most important components of doubt is trial  and error. One cannot be certain something will make sense or work if the hypothesis one has, has not been tested whether by experimentation or refutation. For instance, if Thomas Edison was absolutely certain he had created a means to harness electricity and produce light without testing his theory over 50 times, his certainty would be invalid. However, his influx of doubt and therefore his willingness to augment and change based upon that doubt, enabled him to produce what could probably be the most important scientific discovery yet. Another example of the importance of doubt is perhaps the most controversial topic among us-religion. Whether or not one has faith and is certain of that faith, is refutable. There are hence, two sides to this cause. Because nothing has been definitely proved that a higher, supreme power exists. On the other hand, there has been research of evolution throughout time, but it still hasn’t necessarily proven a certain answer. However, even in this process of comparing the two sides one doubts because one is extrapolating that either could be true. If either is true, we are still uncertain about it. In conclusion, the use of doubt has brought upon many debates, changes, and ideas whether for better or worse. This debate of uncertainty or certainty has been entrenched in our cultures consciousness possibly since its inception. But if we were to deny that the geniuses of our times did not doubt, we are making a vast ad unintelligent assumption. Even so, throughout time, certainty has also come to a great importance in our lives. Without the doubts of all our past generations and the little certainty they used to carry our world would not be anything like the way it is. One thing is certain; doubt and certainty are two factors that are an absolute necessity.

Community Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Health - Essay Example There are some similarities between the two concepts of community and aggregate. Both are populations of people who are associated with each other and share some characteristics. However there are also differences between the two concepts. The largest difference is in the interaction between the two. An aggregate of people are a population who share a common interest, where those in a community do not necessarily share common interests, it is likely to be other factors which unite them. Both those in an aggregate and those in a community share common problems and often common goals. The difference between the two concepts is that those in an aggregate do not act together to realize these goals or solve their problems whereas those in a community do interact and work together in this pursuit (Undergraduate Curriculum Handbook, 2003). An example of an aggregate within the community is homeless clients (Clark, 2002). There are many homeless people across America and there are many subdivisions within the aggregate. The aggregate could be considered in terms of various subgroups such as homeless children, homeless women, homeless immigrants and so forth.

Isabella Linton, strong or weak character of the novel Wuthering Essay

Isabella Linton, strong or weak character of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte - Essay Example Her initial character weaknesses are naivety and childishness. These are manifest, later on, in her impetuous decision to marry. Of course, given her relatively tender age, eighteen at the time, these character traits are not as weak as they would be in an adult with more experience. Her experience, it must also be noted, does not extend much, if at all, beyond Thrushcross Grange. It must also be conceded that Ellen presents some positive attributes. Isabella, for instance, is naà ¯ve and a bit foolish, but she is not stupid. Quite the contrary, she has a clever wit and deep feelings. In short, Isabella is neither weak nor strong in the very beginning; however, her weaker traits, such as an infantile-like impetuousness, are dominant. These traits foreshadow a mistake in judgment. Indeed, with her marriage to Heathcliffe, this is precisely what happens. Later, when Isabella becomes infatuated with Heathcliffe, her foolishness becomes her dominant character trait to the exclusion of all other traits. Catherine teases and warns her about wanting to be with Heathcliffe. Isabella responds by stating that, â€Å"I wont be always sent off!†, and that â€Å"You are a dog in the manger, Cathy, and desire no one to be loved but yourself!† (Wuthering Heights). The facts are irrelevant for Isabella. She is jealous and desirous. Here, Isabella’s impetuous character speeds her demise and exacerbates her powerlessness. She concludes one particular rant by stating that, All, all is against me: she has blighted my single consolation. But she uttered falsehoods, didnt she? Mr. Heathcliffe is not a fiend: he has an honorable soul, and a true one, or how could he remember her?† (Wuthering Heights). It is true that Catherine is not disinterested in Heathcliffe; however, her advice and her warnings are sound and reliable. Isabella refuses to listen because she succumbs to the

The value of the UK pound is currently determined on a floating Essay

The value of the UK pound is currently determined on a floating exchange rate system, but in the past has been determined on a f - Essay Example In this essay, the fixed exchange rate system and the role of UK in maintaining the pound under the fixed exchange rate system has been discussed. Moreover, to analyse the current exchange rate system adopted by UK, floating exchange rate system has been discussed. Finally, the impact of depreciation of British Pound on the UK economy has been analysed by using relevant data, graphs and tables. Fixed Exchange Rate System In the fixed exchange rate system, the rates fluctuate within narrow boundaries and if the exchange rate starts to move higher, the government maintains the rate within the boundaries (Madura, 2008). In 1944, Bretton Wood Accord introduced the fixed exchange rate system and until 1970s, most of the major world economies were participating in the fixed exchange rate system (Burton & Brown 2009). Burton & Brown (2009) explains that after the introduction of the system, the major industrialised countries met to develop a new international financial system. Under the fix ed exchange rate system, economies agreed that if the trade deficit of an economy increased then they would be able to manage supply of currency in international markets. In the fixed exchange rate system, the government increases the supply of currency when the trade deficit of the country increases. The increased supply of the currency inserts the downward pressure on the exchange rate however, to maintain the pre-decided exchange rate, the central bank of the country purchase the excess supply of its currency. For example, if Britain economy faces trade deficit, the increase in the supply of pounds relative to dollar inserts downward pressure on pound value whereas, decrease in supply of pounds relative to dollar inserts upward pressure on value of pound. The government has the power to intervene in the fixed exchange rate system. Under a fixed exchange rate system, the government is able to manipulate the market value of the other currency in terms of its domestic currency. Howe ver, manipulations can be only done to an agreed-exchange rate. UK government has been playing a significant role in maintaining pound under a fixed exchange rate system. The UK government has always been intervening to keep the agreed-exchange rate within certain boundaries. For example, when the agreed-exchange rate of pound and dollar fluctuated then to keep the rate fixed, the UK government bought or sold pounds with dollars until the market value of the two currencies converged to an agreed level. Floating Exchange Rate System Floating exchange rate system is the system when there is no flexibility in the exchange rate system and the values of exchange rate system are determined by the market forces and they are independent of the government intervention (Madura, 2008). British government adopted the floating exchange rate system in 1992 and after adopting the floating exchange rate system, the Bank of England was no longer able to influence the currency markets. In other words , after adopting the floating exchange rate system, the influence of the government in controlling the exchange rate system finishes. In this exchange rate system, the value of the currency is only determined by the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market, therefore, market forces play role to influence the

GLOBE project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GLOBE project - Research Paper Example Title: Globe Project - Cultural Dimensions Dimension Japan China Performance Orientation Scores highly on performance orientation. This reflects citizens with high drive for achievement who are likely to derive pleasure from continuous progress, like handling tasks with modest prospect of success since they signify a challenge, seek regular feedback, take individual responsibility for their deeds, look for information on ways of improving performance, and are usually innovative. This country also has a high score. This is related to significance of information, taking personal initiative, spotlight on the future, self-actualization, or self-reliance (autonomy) and planning, being results and task oriented, use of clear, direct and explicit language, and possessing a sense of urgency of accomplishing things. Chinese accord status to other people based on accomplishments and achievement, rather than acknowledgment based on a particular background or superiority of an individual. Uncert ainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is high, reflecting citizens who actively seek to lessen the probability of unpredictable upcoming events that might adversely influence the operation of a society or organization and remedy the achievement of such adverse consequences. This high rank is associated with the use of processes, such as consistent resolution rules to minimize the need to forecast uncertain occasions in the future. Culturally, this society is linked to phenomena as keeping meticulous records, a preference of job security, avoiding ambiguity, documentation, resistance to change, information and feedback seeking, and taking calculated risks. High uncertainty avoidance. This is a sign of a society that consistently seeks orderliness, formalized procedures, consistency, structure, and regulations to tackle important events as well as naturally happening uncertainties in their everyday lives. The society is characterized by aspects of technology, coordination, laws, rules , policies, and rituals used to deal with uncertainty. In-Group Collectivism Japan ranks high on in-group collectivism. It is a representation of great pride in membership to the society, a powerful sense of group identity, and sentimental recognition toward the society. Similarly, china is among the highest ranking cultures in terms of in-group collectivism. This society has strong emphasis on cohesiveness, collaboration and harmony. Power Distance Japan is ranked in higher position. This reflects the society has high degree of acceptance and endorsement to power differences, authority, power differences, and status privileges. The extent to which members of this society anticipate and accepted that power should be shared unevenly is high. Power holders in this society are awarded greater privileges, status, and material incentives than those who lack power. China also has a high rank. This is associated with higher chance of acceptance towards decision-making approaches of persons in charge, capacity to influence, prospect of having sovereign thought and expressing opinions, respect to authority, and use of artifacts as symbols of ranks and titles. Gender Egalitarianism Gender egalitarianism is ranked as low in Japan. The extent to which people value gender egalitarianism in this society is low. People in this society do not value gender Egalitarianism or believe that the gender of a member should determine their responsibility in homes, businesses,

Current Scope of the Hospitality Industry Assignment

Current Scope of the Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example It comprises of small as well as large businesses including five-star hotels, small restaurants, tourists guide services, gaming services, beverages and other diversified range of products and services offered. Overall, the industry at the global and local UK level is quite diversified and caters to the needs of the target market through either standalone businesses or through a network of different services offered across different service categories. The industry is currently employing over 2 million people who are either directly or indirectly related to the industry. In 2010, the industry witnessed an increase in the overall growth by registering a 3% increase in the number of businesses being opened in the industry. Apart from this, the canteen and contract food services are witnessing the consistent increase in the activity overall the period of time.1 Women comprise of the largest part of the overall workforce of the hospitality industry in the UK with restaurants having the youngest workforce in the industry. Data from the UK suggests that there was a decline in the number of hotels opened from 1995 to 2005 however, the number of small restaurants increased during the period. Pubs also witnessed an increase in the number of new businesses being opened during the same period. The overall range of services offered by the industry includes food, lodging, transportation, theme parks, cruise lines, event planning and smaller restaurants. The overall diversity of the industry, however, is dependent upon the availability of the leisure time and the disposable income of the target market. It is also, however, critical to understanding that the industry does not have the diversity in terms of its workforce. As mentioned above, most of the workforce comprises of women, however, in restaurants, the staff is usually young showing lot of energy and will to serve the target market.  Ã‚  

Illegal action of a nurse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Illegal action of a nurse - Research Paper Example Thus, nurses play an important role in the safety of the patient. In this article, medication errors by nurses will be discussed with reference to a case scenario in an old age nursing home. Ms X is a registered nurse in the State of Georgia working in a renowned Long-term care nursing home. On a busy day, the nursing manager noticed that she did not sign the MARs sheet even after administering the drugs to a patient. This was against the rule that all nurses must sign the medication chart soon after administering medication to patient. When confronted Ms.X argued that she had to do so to save time in the busy ward. She had planned to sign the charts after delivering medications to all the patients. However, the manager tells her that "no sign means not given the medication." Thus, there is a medication error and this is an illegal action by the nurse. Medication error may be defined as "any preventable medication-related event that adversely affects a patient in a nursing home and is related to professional practice, or healthcare products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing, prescription order communications, product labeling, packaging and nomenclature, compounding, dispensing, distribution, administration, education, monitoring and use" (Greene et al, 2005). Like any other safety issues, medication errors occur due to system failures or human errors. Factors associated with medication errors include using wrong name, abbreviation or dosage form of the drug, wrong calculation of drug dosage, atypical dosage, deficiencies in training, poor perception of risk of medication error and undue time pressure. The most commonly reported medication errors are omission errors, improper dosage and unauthorized drug errors (ICN, 2009). Medication errors by nurses can be prevented by following the "five rights" of giving medication. They are "right drug,

INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION STRATEGY IN Zarraffa's Coffee Essay

INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION STRATEGY IN Zarraffa's Coffee - Essay Example A market analysis of the Chinese coffee market has been conducted through industry analysis framework. The project also shed light on how Zarraffa’s Coffee should go about the expansion plan in the next five years through the franchisee model. The twenty-first century is often cited as the age of competition, this century is associated with globalisation, which has resulted in organizations breaching geographical boundaries to gain access to markets across the globe. Competition is the buzzword of globalisation with every product category being offered by numerous organizations resulting in a highly competitive environment. The present study deals with the issue of international expansion by organizations. International expansion can be of many types which include setting up Greenfield projects, Joint ventures, Tie ups and Franchising. The study would try to analyse the international expansion of a firm using the franchisee model. Zarraffa’s Coffee has been chosen as the firm for study, and the Chinese market has been chosen as the nation for the firm’s expansion. The choice of the nation assumes significance as it represents the fastest growing economy of the world whish offers a huge potential for players to expand their business operations. According to a study the Chinese coffee market is still in its growth phase, the report also states that the coffee consumption by the Chinese consumers has grown by approximately 20 percent (Li, 1995, p.6). Zarraffa’s Coffeein an Australian based coffee shop which was established in the year 1996 by Kenton Campbell. The first store of Zarraffa’s was based in the city of Southport in Australia. The company provides excellent service to its customers which are in accordance with its mission to provide a perfect cup of coffee to every customer (Zaraffa’s Coffee, n.d.). Presently the organization has its presence across 42 stores which are spread around Australia. The company has gone a long

Community Health Nursing Essay Example for Free

Community Health Nursing Essay Healthy People provide a 10-year national objective for improving the health of Americans. It has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to encourage collaborations across the country, empowering individuals toward making knowledgeable health decisions, and measuring the impact of prevention activities. The vision is for a society in which all people live long and healthy lives. Objectives new to Healthy People 2020 are related to policies targeting young children through physical activity in childcare settings, television viewing and computer usage, recess and physical education in the Nation’s public and private elementary schools. Physical activity is important as it can improve health and quality of life for all, including those with disabilities. Increased physical activity in children and adolescents can improve bone health, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, decrease levels of body fat and reduce symptoms of depression. There is an epidemic of obesity among our children today, this is linked to the over use of computer games and television. Healthy People 2020 have set an objective that sets limits to screen time. It was rather interesting to me that the pediatrician informed me that my infant, now a toddler should not be watching television at all as recommended by the Journal of Pediatrics. As mentioned in The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, there is a dangerous link found between childhood obesity and asthma (Rance, O’Laughlen, 2011). A common assumption is that weight gain occurs because many asthmatic patients avoid exercise since physical activity can trigger their symptoms, though many contributing factors coexist (Rance, et. al., 2011). Interesting enough there has been a suggestion that overweight/obesity as a risk factor for developing asthma (Papoutsaakis, Priftis, Drakouli , Prifti, Konstantaki, Chondronikola, Matziou, 2013). As  an adolescent I was diagnosed with having chronic asthma, as I was extremely active and not an overweight child. Physical activity was a normal part of my daily afterschool routine, I ran track, was a member of the swim team and was on the cheerleading squad. So having asthma one should not exclude physical activity from their life as it helps to prevent obesity and other ailments. A study illustrated that children were more adept at identifying healthy foods and explaining their benefits than identifying activities that make their bodies healthy (Lanigan, 2011). This study also discovered that the media was the primary source of children’s health knowledge. Parents need to become more involved and lead by example as it pertains to the health and welfare of their children. This is why I often volunteer for the various optimist clubs in the community, sharing information on the importance of staying active, hydrated and eating a well balanced diet. I keep my kids in extracurricular activities such as sports, promoting physical activity and a healthy lifestyle. Early-learning professionals and parents need to play a more prominent role in teaching children about the benefits of healthy eating and activity (Lanigan, 2011). There has been a correlation between paternal influences on children’s weight gain, as a review demonstrated fathers who were overweight viewed themselves and their offspring as normal weight (Fraser, Skouteris, McCabe, Ricciardelli, Milgrom, Baur, 2011). The children in this study were more likely to eat fast food, eat at fast pace, eat when bored and were less likely to eat dinner together as a family (Fraser, et al., 2011). As it was hard to discern whether these behaviors are a result of children modeling behaviors displayed by their fathers’, although the heavier the fathers were the greater the number of hours their children spent in sedentary activities such as watching television and usin g the computer (Fraser, et al., 2011). One strategy not mentioned in Healthy People 2020 is mandating parent involvement and modeling, which I consider first line of defense for prevention of childhood obesity and related disease. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), builds on and strengthens the foundation for prevention and wellness established by Healthy People, the nation’s health promotion and disease prevention aspirations for a healthier nation (Fielding, Teutsch, Koh, 2012). The Guide to Community Preventive Services recommends making physical activity the easy choice by creating in our communities accessible parks and  recreation; encouraging the social norm of walking, bicycling, and climbing stairs where these activities can reasonably substitute for driving and riding elevators or escalators; and placing greater emphasis on mass transit and mixed residential and commercial development to encourage greater spatial integration of places where people live, work and shop (Fielding, et al., 2012). In conclusion, community based childhood obesity prevention programs with a school component focusing on both diet and physical activity is more effective at preventing obesity and overweight (Bleich, Segal, Wu, Wilson, Wang, 2013). As previously mentioned one strategy not mentioned in Healthy People 2020 is mandating parent involvement and modeling, which I consider first line of defense for prevention of childhood obesity and related disease. References Bleich, S. N., Segal, J., Wu, Y., Wilson, R., Wang, Y. (2013). Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies. Pediatrics, 132(1), e201-e210. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0886 Fielding, J. E., Teutsch, S., Koh, H. (2012). Health reform and healthy people initiative. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 30-33. doi:102105/AJPH.2011.300312 Fraser, J., Skouteris, H., McCabe, M., Ricciardelli, L. A., Milgrom, J., Baur, L. A. (2011). Paternal influences on children’s weight gain: a system review. Fathering, 9(3), 252-267. doi:10.3149/fth.0903.252 Lanigan, J. D. (2011). The substance and sources of young children’s healthy eating and physical activity knowledge: implications for obesity prevention efforts. Child: Care, Health Development, 37(3), 368-376. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01191.x Papoutsaakis, C., Priftis, K. N., Drakouli, M., Prifti, S., Konstantaki, E., Chondronikola, M., Matziou, V. (2013). Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? a system review of recent epidemiologic evidence. Journal of The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(1), 77-105. doi10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.025 Rance, K., O’Laughlen, M. (2011). Obesity and asthma: a dangerous link in children: an integrative review of the literature. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 7(4), 287-292. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2010.06.011

Chinese Elements Embodied In Hollywood Films Cultural Studies Essay

Chinese Elements Embodied In Hollywood Films Cultural Studies Essay Abstract: Under the circumstance of the cultural globalization1; the movie ,as a way of media , has become the quick-launched bridge between the two sides in international cultural communication. The Hollywood cartoon movie-Kung Fu Panda2 ,a action comedy movie entitled with Chinese Kung Fu , shows the world the charm of Chinese culture. In the angle of cultural globalization, this essay forms a conclusion of the revelations people can get by demonstrating the details of Chinese elements and culture embodied in the film Kung Fu Panda. Key words: cultural globalization, Chinese culture and elements , Kung Fu Panda Kung Fu Panda is another cartoon film based upon the Chinese culture after the movie Mu Lan that draws people s attention to the Chinese traditional culture . Of course ,people can see the Chinese elements obviously from the name of this movie-Kung Fu Panda. Kung Fu and panda, the two words are too meaningful although they are simple enough nearly known by everybody. At first , Kung Fu is the quintessence of Chinese culture; and the panda is the national precious treasure of China . When they are combined together as Kung Fu Panda is already attractive enough to draw the peoples curiosity. During the live show of this movie in the world , it has stirred a strong trend of learning Chinese culture in the whole world. The movie tells a story of a fat lazy giant panda that transforms himself into a great a great Kung Fu master a Dragon Warrior. This dragon warrior was raised by a duck , and coached by a great Kung Fu master , WuGui ( a turtle). Although he lives a ordinary peoples life , he has achieved a great dream by saving the Peace Valley from the evil villainous snow leopard-Tai Lung. In the ancient China , a normal panda , Po, ultimately becomes a hero with his strong will and unwavering faith-A real warrior never quits. In this film , we can see lot of Chinese cultural elements everywhere. At first , what draws peoples attention tightly is that the distinctive animal panda .Although the panda , Po , in this film is a clumsy, naÃÆ' ¯ve and fat a animal .But beyond that, we can see the determined and faithful qualities as well .The film maker makes the panda , Po, a Kung Fu lover who is always dreaming to be a warrior. The idea of letting a giant panda become a Dragon Warrior allows audience to give free rein to their imagination ,which tightly hold audiences attention. As a ambassador , the panda make s people in other countries more interested in China and Chinese cultures. Like the movie which is called Kung Fu Dream , the Chinese Kung Fu in this film is also a typical symbol of Chinese culture .The Chinese Kung Fu is said to be the most great point that push so many people at home and abroad to see Kung Fu Panda in cinemas. Undoubtedly, since Li Xiaolong, the first person who introduced the Chinese Kung Fu to the people in the world on screen many years ago , more and more people have been keen on the magic Wu Shu . In the movie , we can see all kings of Kung Fu , such as Tai Chi, the five elements boxing, 12-shaped boxing, etc. Although it is a cartoon movie , the scenes in the cartoon film also show the Chinese Elements. All the props , sceneries and architectures in the film are designed carefully in Chinese style. Firstly , the scenes in the cartoon film visually look like the Chinese Monochromes. Besides, the mountains ,rivers , ancient temples and houses altogether with all the other beautiful natural sceneries somehow remind the audience of the image of ancient China. There is no doubt that the music is the Chinese element that go through the whole movie. What comes first is the opening song -Hero, and then comes the sound of gongs played by Qiang Di and wooden flute with graceful and restrained voice, all these things send out a strong feeling of Oriental charm. The lively sound of Gu qin and XianZi , connected by a small section of the solo sound of the Duduk , makes people feel like listening to the Chinese classical music. Although all these songs are sung in English , yet people can also sense the Chinese style in the music. In spite of the whole story of the panda and how he defeat the evil, the Chinese philosophical thinking is also embodied in some sentences. In this film, the directors implicate Chinese philosophical thoughts in some simple lines . For instance, the master Wu Gui in the film is a wise man. One of the most famous words given by master Wu Gui is that Yesterday is history; tomorrow is a mystery; but today is a gift. That is why we call it the present. The word present has two meanings-gift and at present. Here, the words are wisely used to tell a smart truth. In the movie , enlightened by the dragon scroll, the panda -Po also finally understand that he has to be his own hero. Once someone is empowered to achieve anything he wants, he has to set his mind on it so as to achieve his goals. Also, there are still many other Chinese cultural elements which are embodied in the film. For example, the Chinese relationships between the apprentices and masters in the Kung Fu Panda. Above all , Kung Fu Panda is embodied with the typical Chinese culture which is made up of a lot of things such as Chinese peoples diets , Chinese peoples lifestyles ,Chinese traditional medicines and so on .What people can learn from this phenomenon? And why the Kung Fu Panda isnt made in China ? Cultural globalization is happening in todays world. As the cultural globalization spreads all over the world inevitably fast, nations are confronted with the clashes. When you are walking in the streets ,you can find the KFC and the McDonalds restaurants at almost every corner of the street in most of the modern cities in China. You can also see the Starbuck located at the bottom of many office buildings in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing in China. We can find some of foreign movie actresses wearing the Chinese-style dress and actors wearing Chinese Tang suit to attend the important meetings. To some extent , the Chinese festivals, food, music and art are also affecting the world. Therefore, it is not surprised at all for us to find a Hollywood Kung Fu Panda .Through the Kung Fu Panda, the Hollywood DreamWorks successfully opened the biggest market with endless business opportunity. Today ,cultural globalization provides people a stage to present our Chinese culture to the whol e world. As we all know, there are so many Confucius Institutes in many countries where foreigners are learning Chinese culture, Chinese language and Chinese custom well. From this point of view , it can be seen that the cultural globalization is an inevitable trend. Acting rationally towards intercultural communication is the only correct attitude towards cultural globalization. In the era of the rapid spread of cultural globalization, the development of national culture more and more relies on other countries and the promotion of the other countries cultures .Thus we Chinese people should not only inherit our ancestors valuable fortune-Chinese culture, but also make it known to the people in the world. Notes: Cultural Globalization  refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values across national borders. Through the process of sharing the ideas and values of one culture to another ultimately leads to an interconnectedness between various populations from diverse cultures. Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated action comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by John Wayne Stevenson and Mark Osborne and produced by Melissa Cobb. Set in a version of ancient China populated by anthropomorphic talking animals, the plot revolves around a bumbling panda named Po who aspires to be a kung fu master. When an evil kung fu warrior is foretold to escape from prison, Po is unwittingly named the chosen one destined to bring peace to the land, much to the chagrin of the resident kung fu warriors.

Eco-feminism :: essays research papers

"No political movement on the contemporary scene has achieved the astonishing range of feminism . . . the movement has generously grown to embrace issues of race, poverty, sexual preference, child abuse, war, the Third World, religion, endangered cultures, endangered species, the global environment." (Theodore Roszak, The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology, p. 238.) The term "ecofeminisme" was first used in 1974 by a French literary [critic] who encouraged women to develop their potential at preserving the ecological balance of the earth. Francoise d'Eaubonne considered this potential to be realized in an ecological revolution. As such, present ecofeminism is considered a social movement on the leading edge, and includes peace, feminist, and ecological concerns, as well as drawing content from ancient traditions. Ecofeminism identifies patriarchal dominations: sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism, plus naturism. It is the union of radical or cultural feminism with radical ecology. Ecofeminism's approach further develops feminism in relation to the natural environment. Its tenets include diversity through relationship, mutuality rather than use, and rejection of the either/or approach that encourages exclusion. The idea is to identify patriarchal culture in its forms of domination: industrial, mechanistic, militaristic and hierarchica l. "The domination of nature originates in society and therefore must be resolved in society . . . it is the embodied woman as social historical agent, rather than as a product of natural law, who is the subject of ecofeminism . . . . In ecofeminism, nature is the central category of analysis. An analysis of the interrelated dominations of nature - psyche and sexuality, human oppression, and nonhuman nature - and the historic position of women in relation to those forms of domination, is the starting point of ecofeminist theory." (Ynestra King, "Healing the Wounds" in Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, p. 117.) Other compatible movements are deep ecology, Green Politics, bioregionalism, creation-centered spirituality and animal rights. To open any gate one's brain must first receive the message. The physical action through body follows. Direct experience of our environment is required to perceive the "nature of the wild." Nature is a whole system. Earth's circulatory system is complex and alive. Water is a common thread for life's continuance. The weather is another indicator of the health of the planet. "By changing the weather we make every spot on earth manmade [sic] and artificial. We have deprived nature of its independence, and that is fatal to its meaning. Eco-feminism :: essays research papers "No political movement on the contemporary scene has achieved the astonishing range of feminism . . . the movement has generously grown to embrace issues of race, poverty, sexual preference, child abuse, war, the Third World, religion, endangered cultures, endangered species, the global environment." (Theodore Roszak, The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology, p. 238.) The term "ecofeminisme" was first used in 1974 by a French literary [critic] who encouraged women to develop their potential at preserving the ecological balance of the earth. Francoise d'Eaubonne considered this potential to be realized in an ecological revolution. As such, present ecofeminism is considered a social movement on the leading edge, and includes peace, feminist, and ecological concerns, as well as drawing content from ancient traditions. Ecofeminism identifies patriarchal dominations: sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism, plus naturism. It is the union of radical or cultural feminism with radical ecology. Ecofeminism's approach further develops feminism in relation to the natural environment. Its tenets include diversity through relationship, mutuality rather than use, and rejection of the either/or approach that encourages exclusion. The idea is to identify patriarchal culture in its forms of domination: industrial, mechanistic, militaristic and hierarchica l. "The domination of nature originates in society and therefore must be resolved in society . . . it is the embodied woman as social historical agent, rather than as a product of natural law, who is the subject of ecofeminism . . . . In ecofeminism, nature is the central category of analysis. An analysis of the interrelated dominations of nature - psyche and sexuality, human oppression, and nonhuman nature - and the historic position of women in relation to those forms of domination, is the starting point of ecofeminist theory." (Ynestra King, "Healing the Wounds" in Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, p. 117.) Other compatible movements are deep ecology, Green Politics, bioregionalism, creation-centered spirituality and animal rights. To open any gate one's brain must first receive the message. The physical action through body follows. Direct experience of our environment is required to perceive the "nature of the wild." Nature is a whole system. Earth's circulatory system is complex and alive. Water is a common thread for life's continuance. The weather is another indicator of the health of the planet. "By changing the weather we make every spot on earth manmade [sic] and artificial. We have deprived nature of its independence, and that is fatal to its meaning.

Reverse Discrimination: The Case of Allan Bakke Essay -- History Race

Reverse Discrimination In 1973 a thirty-three year-old Caucasian male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was once again rejected, even though his test scores were considerably higher than various minorities that were admitted under a special program. This special program specified that 16 out of 100 possible spaces for the students in the medical program were set aside solely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as reverse discrimination. Bakke felt his rejections to be violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that "the admissions program violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"1 The clause reads as follows:"...No state shall make or enforce any l aw which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."2 The court ruled that race could not be a factor in admissions. However, they did not force the admittance of Bakke because the court could not know if he would have been admitted if the special admissions program for minorities did not exist. Bakke disagreed with the court on this issue and he brought it before the California Supreme Court.The California Supreme Court held that it was the University's burden to prove that Bakke would not have been admitted if the special program was not in effect. The school could not meet this requirement, and Bakke was admitted by court orde r. However, the University appealed to the Supreme Court for "certiorari", which was granted, and the order to admit Bakke was suspended pending thCourt's decision.3 The Issues and Arguments for Each Side"Bakke was the most significant civil rights case to reach the United States Supreme Court since Brown v. Board the Education of Topeka, Kansas."4 The special admissions program at Davis tried to further integrate the higher education system because merely removing the barriers, as the Brown case did, did not always work. In short, Bakke was questioning how far the Universi... ...erm, the Supreme Court will turn towards desegregation and Affirmative Action. The Freeman v. Pitts case is another recent case dealing with whether bussing is still needed to curb past discrimination.Another case that the court has accepted for this term will examine whether colleges should eliminate racial preference systems in admissions or whether quotas are still needed to further curtail the use of affirmative action. The name of this case and the specific facts, however, were unavailable at this time.9 Obviously affirmative action and reverse discrimination are still heavily debated issues. This is because they affect all people of all races and ethnicities. Conclusion Allan Bakke was denied his fourteenth amendment right to equal protection of the laws. In addition the University of California at Davis violated Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. By order of the Supreme Court Bakke was admitted and th e numerical quotas of the special admissions program were deemed unconstitutional. Justice was served to Bakke, but future generations who are not minorities may be plagued by the other half of the decision: That race may still be used as a "plus" on an application.

Daisy Miller :: Henry James, Daisy Miller

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daisy Miller is a story related by a young, American man named Winterborne, who lives mostly in Europe. Winterborne meets a lovely young lady named Daisy Miller at a Swiss resort in Vevey. He notices her naivetà ©, having no reservations about talking to strangers. He befriends this young girl very quickly. He would love to introduce her to his aunt, but she thinks that Daisy is common, vulgar, and refuses to meet her. Daisy and her family decide to leave the resort and visit Italy. Several months passe until Daisy speaks to him again. She invited him to Italy. He finds Daisy with an Italian man named Giovanelli. Winterborne notices that Giovanelli is not what he considers a gentleman. After finding Giovanelli and Daisy at the Coliseum late one night, Winterborne thinks of Daisy as â€Å"a young lady whom a gentleman need no be at pains to respect';. Daisy, unfortunately dies of Roman fever a week later. In some messages Daisy sent to Winterborne from her deathb ed, he realizes that she was still a very innocent girl and desired his respect. Winterborne realizes that he has indeed lived â€Å"too long in foreign parts.'; He has been so influenced by conservative European social conventions that he was unable to appreciate Daisy’s free and natural spirit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of the novel focuses on the harm that is done when an individual is rejected by society for unconventional behavior. Non-conformists are type cast in a negative way and their individuality is devalued. James presents Daisy as the â€Å"free, spontaneous, independent, natural'; (Fogel p.3) American girl who is stereotyped as â€Å"disreputable'; (Fogel p.9) by the highly conventional Europeanized Americans she meets in Vevey and Rome. At the same time, James shows how Daisy’s â€Å"utter disregard for convention prevents her from successfully relating to others'; (Fogel p.9) and leads to her death when she disregards warnings not to go the Coliseum at night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James conveys the poetic dimension of Daisy Miller by using symbolism in the names of the characters in the novel. Daisy’s name suggests her innocence and freedom. â€Å"Etymologically, daisy means ‘the day’s eye’ suggesting Daisy’s radiance, her fresh ‘morning’ quality, and beautifully fitting into the further symbolism that flowerlike Daisy closes up and then dies after Winterborne cuts her.'; (Fogel p.38) Thrice, Winterborne met Daisy in a garden, a place where flowers grow, once in Vevey and the second time in the Pincian Garden in Rome, and the third, and final time he saw her was at her grave, which was â€Å"beneath the cypresses and the thick spring flowers.

Opium War: Was Britain completely in the wrong? Essay

The British were wrong by taking the option of trading opium because by trading opium, they would be jeopardising the wellbeing of an entire country. But they only did it because the Chinese were refusing to trade, so therefore it is only partially Britains fault. The â€Å"Opium War† also known as the Anglo-Chinese war began in 1839. It started as a conflict over trading between Britain and China. China was refusing to trade because they didn’t need anything. Eventually the British were able to trade opium on the black market. China did nearly everything to stop the opium being traded but nothing could stop it. This eventually caused the war. Was Britain Completely in the wrong? No. Although they were the ones that started the opium trade, China is still partially to blame. The following points will be argued for the fact that both sides contributed and neither were completely wrong:  · The introduction of trading opium by Britain  · The stupidity of the Chinese stimulating the British and judging them to be bad at war.  · And The greedy treaty made by the British But firstly, the refusal for trade and the cruel regulations that China put upon the British traders. There was a demand for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain in the west, though there was practically nothing that the west could offer to trade with China, because of the simple reason that they didn’t want anything and were refusing to trade for things they didn’t need. The Chinese didn’t realise how hard they were making the situation. A British man, Lord William John Nappier was sent to China to try and extend British trading interests. He was told that he could only address himself to the Hong Merchants and that he could only live in Guangzhou during trading season. When he refused to leave, Lu Kun, Governor of Guangzhou prohibited all the buying and selling to the English and then ordered all the withdrawal of all Chinese labour from them. What were the British to do? The regulations were too harsh and the British couldn’t trade no matter what  they tried. In this situation, The Chinese were obviously in the wrong because they didn’t consider the needs of the British and they were to stubborn to trade because they thought they were more superior. Secondly, Britain introduced the opium to China because they ran out of choices. Since China ignored Britain’s proposal to trade, Britain had to find some other way they could get the bits and pieces that they required. They started to illegally export opium on the black market, aware of the consequences. The result was a widespread addiction throughout China causing serious social and economic disruption in China. Britain was most definitely in the wrong with this choice because nothing can make the trading of opium justifiable. The cost is too painful. But it was China’s fault in the fist place that they didn’t want to establish trading with Britain. Thirdly, the stupidity of the Chinese stimulating the British and judging them to be hopeless at fighting caused them the loss of the war. The Chinese were ignorant, and they thought that the British were bad compared to them. Lin Zexu says, â€Å"Besides guns, the barbarian soldiers do not know how to use fist or swords†¦ Therefore, what is called their power can be controlled without difficulty.† Unfortunately Lin Zexu was wrong about this. The underestimation of the British made the Chinese disadvantaged because they weren’t prepared enough and much unorganised. Their weapons were completely useless against those of the British. Chinese cities were then captured and Chinese citizen’s soldiers were forced to surrender. Therefore China’s stupidity and bad organisation skills in this case were to blame for the opium war and their loss. So China was, in this case was in the wrong. The last factor is the greedy treaty made by the British. Once the Chinese had lost the war, they had no choice but to sign a treaty written by the British. Many unreasonable discissions were made in favour of the British including many unjust payments. China was completely demoralised and Britain was in the wrong for making them sign such an unfair treaty. They took advantage of China when they shouldn’t have. To conclude this argument, neither China nor Britain was completely wrong or  right with all their decisions. They both contributed to the war and therefore it was both their fault. China’s refusal for trade was wrong because they were being selfish and stubborn and they weren’t considering the welfare of others. Britain was wrong in introducing opium because nothing can justify the trading of opium and it shouldn’t have even been an option to trade it. Britain was also in the wrong by creating a treaty in their favour because China was in a weak position.

Interview With Sports Organisation Leader Essay

Part I: Interview Questionnaire 1. Briefly describe your current position and its duties and responsibilities. I am the treasurer to the Mid-Crest Panthers. My responsibilities include ensuring safe custody of all the organization funds and assets as well as handling all financial matters in the organization. I am also a member of the board in which most decisions of the organization are made. 2. How long have you held this position? 3. What is the leadership structure like in your organization? This organization has a board which is the main decision making body. The board is made of the president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, athletic director, cheer coordinator, football director, parent coordinator, and fundraising coordinator. The organization also has team coaches which head various teams. However, all these leaders work in union as far as coordination of the club is concerned. 4. Who are some of the primary stakeholders of this organization? The primary stakeholders include customers and fans, management, coaches, staff, youth and parents. 5. How do you strive to meet the needs of the stakeholders? All stakeholders are represented in board meetings where they give their opinions of what whom they represented would like to see happens in the organization.   I also note this down and ensure that their needs are met as much as possible while still considering all decisions made by the board. 6. How would you describe your leadership style? My leadership style is including others views in carrying out duties entrusted to me. It is democratic leadership. Coming up with ideas and then letting other opinion into these ideas. 7. How important is leadership to the success of your organization? Leadership is very important. It gives the guideline of what activities to be carried out, how and when they will be carried out. It also comes up with strategies of financing these activities. It unites all stakeholders of the organization. It also gives solution to various problems that faces the organization as far as daily activities are concerned. The leadership monitors the organizations activities and gives direction for the necessary actions. 8. What do you feel is the most important aspect of leadership? Most aspect of leadership is to understand people you are leading and their needs- what they need, and then come up with appropriate way of solving these problems. 9. What are some of the significant changes your organization has undergone? The size of this organization has greatly increased over the past years. The organization has also increased its network with other organization in its effort to ensure reliable club funding and participating stakeholders. 10.   What role did leadership play in these changes? The leadership comes up with policies that will enhance this and then present them to the stakeholders as they seek support of the same. 11.   What methods do you use to resolve conflict or resistance to change? Method of solving conflict depends on what kind of conflict is at hand. There are some conflicts which are solved by the team leader, the board or both. Opinions from different members are also given priority so as to avoid conflicts. Dialogue is employed so as to solve many conflicts and rule of majority is also employed. 12. What advice would you give someone entering a leadership position for the first time? One should be ready to work extra hard than the people he/she is leading, understand their needs, including their weaknesses and strengths and be ready to listen to their opinions. Part II: Interview Summary According to this interview, it is clear that a leader is not a person who makes decisions and imposes them those he/she is leading. Success of a leader greatly depends on the relationship he/she has created with those he/she is leading. It is not enough to make decision on how to lead an organization, it also calls for great effort to sell these ideas to all stakeholders so as these decisions may be well implemented. This interview has also changed my view about this organization. I have come to understand that it is a big family where cooperation of all stakeholders is emphasized. All stakeholders are well informed of all activities going on in the organization. It is not a place where stakeholders receive policies from the top management; it is a place where all of them are involved in decision making e.g. in this organization, board members consist of representatives from all stakeholders. As the main decision making body, it is certain that decisions made will involve opinions from all stakeholders. This interview also enriched my knowledge about leadership. As a leader I should have ideas about how to handle a certain situation, but I should also make sure this is supported by the majority and also enrich these ideas from opinions of all stakeholders. In case I was in leadership position, I will consider others opinions very important for my success as a leader. I will equally respect all staff to this organization and support decisions made by the board.

Modern Life vs Village Life Essay

Many towns and villages then are nothing more than suburbs today. By definition cities have larger populations than towns which are larger than villages, which is a major difference between modern life and village life. In today’s Modern life cities have an urban settlement with large populations where as villages were settlements of community with small populations. Modern life have many advantages over village, because city modern life facility are easily available, as telephone , gas , internet, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, industries, factories, roads, airports, railway stations and many were most, but most village are deprived of these many facilities like many villages no facility of gas, telephone , roads, etc. â€Å"The Telephone,† Accawi offers an unpretentious description of how the modern world began its intrusion into a timeless and insulated culture, where â€Å"there was no real need for a calendar or a watch to keep track of the day, hours months, and years†. Read more: Essay on village life As Accawi says of village life:†we lived and loved and toiled and dies without ever needing to know what year it was, or even the time of day. † Village life is slow moving and more agriculturally based while city is the center for trade, commercial industry and education. Modern life is always on the go, there are many offers for pleasures, opportunities for jobs, if you have a good job you can live well. The village was a traditional place where everyone enjoyed life and being around each other. Although village life had its pleasure, but it also had its flaws. In village life there were more chances of dying then in modern life . Forexample health care wise, assistance is wasn’t always available in the village if someone was in danger they would of had to rely on their own resources. Medical help is more easily available in modern life. Villages were miles and miles away from the nearest hospital or police station. But in a city with EMS the nearest hospital or clinic is just a few seconds away. Mordern dangers like traffic are constant but it is rarely pointed out that villages had their dangers too. A child playing in a village park may get bit by an wild animal. Wild animals are more of a threat in villages and may carry disease. But to belive that village life is safer than modern isn’t necessarily true. A was a threat is a threat whereevery it occurs A village child may grow up with the appreciation of birds and the wonders of the out doors and miss out on priceless opportunites in the modern day life. Modern life may have its flaws, but the opportunity given outweighs them. Morden life may seem preferable to the village life, because of technology and large scenery, but there are some disadvantages too, the cost of the living is high in the city, the city is noisy, no fresh air nor pure water. So it is hard to live a healthy life. People living in cities are different but similar from people living in villages. It is normal to us that city life is more enjoyable than village life. From our prospective of modern life, city life is filled with a lot of advantages. This is because of the fact that there are a number of opportunities open to you in modern life . City life is provided with a lot of facilities too. The behavior of the people in village life is different from the people in modern life. The people in villages on the other hand are warm-hearted and friendly. People in villages are very helpful in nature whereas people living in cities tend to be more selfish in their attitude. Villagers accept you well where as modern life people tend not to. It’s quiet, peaceful and the air was fresh in the village life, employment was seasonal for example farming witch is similar to roofers in the modern life,during the rainy season and brick making in the dry season. Wages brung better way of living to many familes in the village life, villagers were able to trade things and purchase farming goods from farmers like we trade and purchase food from our modern day markets. But You would not find many facilities and opportunities in a village. Parents would be love to send their child to the city for higher studies rather than to villages. The city is filled with quality higher education institutions whereas villages do not have with high quality colleges and universities. As read in the ,the villagers did not have much, and technology was very new to them. Fore example they judged time by certain events that happened. The birth of someone important or earthquake would be enough to grasp time. The children would play in the streets and run errands for the grown ups for money. Accawi grew up in this town and he was quietly statisfied and happy with his life. He woundn’t be to kindly of change because he had fun without all the advantages of technology. Assuming everyone else was happy as well. However, when the telephone came, it changed their lives forever. The telephone brought so many opportunities for the villagers. As read in the text â€Å"the whole village would sit by the phone and wait for it to ring and bring them news, and opportunities to make money†. The people of Magdaluna fell in love with the phone. The crowd around the phone grew larger and larger. People would receive job and leave the village. This was upsetting to many people of Magdaluna, especially Accawi. . I can agree with Accawi,I miss my home town in Haiti, migrating to America was a lot to take in. Like Accawi I was so acostume to the way of living in Haiti, so similar to the village life in Magadluna. But once my father found a better job in America we moved out as soon as possible. facing a variety of finical problems crime, drugs, corruption, a troubled my town my father was overwhelmed and dissatisfied with the direction of our town. He believe life was better in the United States. Close to 70% of my town say that people who move from hatiti enjoy a better life in the U. S. And the vast majority of those who are in regular contact with friends and relatives living in the U. S. say those friends and relatives have largely achieved their goals.

Nature valuable resources

RENEWABLE ENERGY IS AN EXPENSIVE DIVERSION FROM THE REAL TASK OF SECURING ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE COMING DECADES. DISCUSS.The technological promotion of the human existences enabled them to research and tackle nature ‘s valuable resources that finally led our civilisation far in front. Non renewable, particularly the dodo fuel velocity up the gait of development. But those resources, made in the geological timescale is about to be consumed within a century. Undoubtedly we need energy to force our life further and keep the gait of development ; this demand of energy compel us to happen out its options. The hunt of appropriate resources is traveling on, many people are recommending on behalf of renewable resources. Renewable energy such as solar, air current, hydro, moving ridge and bio fuel are seen as the alternate energy, nevertheless there are a scope of obstructions confronting the rapid development of these engineerings: they are seeking to set up themselves in an out-of-dat e institutional, market and industrial context. ( Elliot, D. , 2003 ) . Though these engineerings are recognised as options, none of them are free from restraints and inordinate publicity of these engineerings could impact the natural system. So it is indispensable to measure the benefits and menaces due to the application of these engineerings before their execution. The purpose of this essay is to happen out the causes behind the publicity of these energy beginnings, their restriction and impact on single footing to happen out why and how the recreation towards these energy beginnings can be expensive and to propose the better manner to conserve energy for future.Causes behind the publicity of Renewable Energy BeginningsAssorted factors are responsible for the publicity of renewable energy beginnings. The on-going concern of clime alteration and imposed compulsory rigorous dockets to get the better of it, consuming modesty of fossil fuel and the issue of energy security for the states are found to be the major causes behind it ( OECS/IEA 2008 ) . In re cent old ages, these beginnings are used to supply energy for the rural or stray communities excessively ( ITDG, 2000 ) and even to supplement the of all time increasing demand of energy. The concern over the green house gas emanation is one of the major grounds, if no alterations are made on the bing state of affairs, concentrations of CO2 could increase to every bit much as 630ppm by 2050 and 1,200ppm by the terminal of the century ( OECS/IEA 2008 ) . Many scientific surveies suggest that the net concentration of nursery gas beyond 450 ppm CO2 equivalent for good may take to a series of micro climatic displacement and put up a ego prolonging rhythm of rapid planetary heating ( Deutche Bank, 2008 ) . So this dismaying state of affairs demands for the options of this green house gas emitter and the publicity of renewable beginnings are being done to forestall it. An estimated $ 71billion was invested in new renewable energy except big hydropower worldwide in the twelvemonth 2007, up from $ 55billion in the twelvemonth 2006 and $ 40 billion, this addition was chiefly due to solar PV and weave energy ( REN21, 2007 ) . The graph below reveals the to a great extent increasing tendency of investing on renewable sectors.Causes of energy demand:The usage of energy is influenced by the population and economic growing. The increased population demands more energy where as economic prosperity multiplies the demand several creases. United States of America consists of 5 % of planetary population where as consumes 25 % of the planetary oil production ( Alliance to energy nest eggs, 2005 ) . In recent old ages extremely come oning states are devouring more energy. A survey shows that in the Hangzhou metropolis of China, along with the economic development, urbanisation and betterment in peoples populating status, the residential energy ingestion risen dra matically, it was increased by 93.75 % while the population growing was merely 9.22 % from the twelvemonth 2001 to 2006 ( Ouyang, J.,2009 ) . The increasing multitudes of turning in-between category in the development states are turning into energy rapacious and the states are despairing to acquire energy for their quickly turning economic system. Along with the population and economic growing, the inefficient substructure and machines besides increase the usage of energy. For illustration, the ill insulated house needs more energy for infinite warming whereas the inefficient engines use more energy even for the little end product ( Ouyang, J. , 2009 ) . Harmonizing to OECD/IEA, 2009, non OECD states account for the 93 % of planetary energy demand between 2007 to 2030, driven mostly by China and India.Restriction of Renewable Energy:Renewable energy chiefly solar, air current, hydro, wave, bio fuel and geo thermal are emerging as the new beginnings of energy but all of them have their ain restriction and the inordinate usage or extraction could take to another job. Here each of them are discussed on single footing.Solar Energy:The sunshine can be converted into energy, frequently photo Gurs cells are used to hive away energy. It is chiefly used for the intent of H2O warming and little graduated table power coevals. But it uses much infinite and produces comparatively less energy. Though there is no or really less fuelling and care cost, the initial cost is comparatively high. ( Singh, P, P and Singh, S, 2010 ) Enough sunlight hours are required for this intent and bad conditions and cloudy status can impede the entire end product ( C hen, H. , 2010 ) . Policy support from authorities, invention of new engineering and available market is indispensable to set up this energy in market, this type of energy publicity needs authorities subsidy and that indirectly increases the entire cost involved ( Reddy, S and Painuly, J, P,2004 ) . Beside the upfront initial cost there may be other cost such as to clean its by merchandise. In instance of solar energy it can be the cost to clean up the toxic chemicals like arsenous anhydride, Ga and Cd and the energy demand during the industry of immense graduated table photovoltaic panels ( Tsoutsos, T, et. Al. 2005 ) . Distinct environmental effects during the installing stage of solar panels can be seen as it requires big land multitudes of approximately 5 to 10 estates /MW of installed capacity. Huge array of stacked mirrors might do ocular blight and shadowing from the solar cells could impact the micro clime. ( Bradlely, R, L. , 1997 ) . Harmonizing to DuHamal, J, 2009, the Cato study says, A 1978 survey found that the stuffs required for thermal-solar undertakings were 1,000 times greater than for a likewise sized fossil-fuel installation, making significant incremental energy ingestion and industrial pollution. Energy ingestion associated with the large-scale industry of photovoltaic panels. So all these factors proves that beside the initial upfront cost there are other indirect costs those makes these beginnings rather expensive.Wind Energy:Wind is seen as another major beginning of alternate energy. But it has restriction, as all the topographic points are non suited for energy production. Wind power has low fringy cost and high proportion of capital cost ( Rosenbloom, E,2006 ) . The complexness of site and the likeliness of utmost burden find the building cost of air current farm. Difficult ground status like difficult stones, bog and really blowy site with high extreme tonss result in expensive civil building and higher specification of turbines. Additionally the cost of grid connexion is frequently affected by the distance of production and usage. The mean cost of air current energy per unit of production depends on cardinal premises, such as the cost of capital and old ages of false service. ( http: //www.articlesbase.com/environment-articles/what-determines-the-financial-viability-of-a-wind-farm-1450645.html ) Despite decennaries of broad subsidies, nevertheless, the cost of bring forthing electricity from air current remains pig-headedly wasteful in an progressively competitory electricity market. Many taking wind-power suppliers have encountered fiscal trouble, and capacity retirements appear every bit likely as new undertakings in the United States without major new authorities subsidy. ( Bradlely, R, L. , 1997 ) . On the environmental side, air current power is noisy, land- intensive, materials-intensive ( concrete and steel, in peculiar ) , a ocular blight, and a jeopardy to birds. ( Bradlely, R, L. , 1997 ) To get the better of those impacts and to relocate or conserve different species of birds besides needs money. So the upfront cost and such ecological job together makes it further expensive. The inter- and intra-annual variableness of the air current resource, or alter other facets of the external conditions for air current developments. It is likely that as in other constituents of clime alteration there will be ‘winners ‘ and ‘losers ‘ parts where air current energy developments may profit from clime alteration, and parts where the air current energy industry may be negatively impacted. ( Pryor, S.C. , and R.J. Barthelmie, R.J, 2010 ) . If the air current form alterations in the country of established air current farm due to climate alteration, it will non be possible to bring forth electricity and the big investing becomes worthless. Harmonizing to DuHamal, J. 2009, Denmark, the universe ‘s most wind-intensive state, with more than 6,000 turbines bring forthing 19 % of its electricity, has yet to shut a individual fossil-fuel works, so this illustration shows that it is an expensive and small end product giving procedure alternatively of big capital outgo. In Germany, Der Spiegel studies that ‘Germany ‘s CO2 emanation has n't been reduced by even a individual gm ( by constructing air current turbines ) and extra coal and gas fired workss have been constructed to guarantee dependable bringing ( Waldermann, A.,2009 ) .This illustration proves that alternatively of big outgo still they can non be proved as a beginning of dependable supply of energy.Hydro Power:Hydropower is the major renewable energy beginning. Large scale hydropower is frequently economically attractive but requires immense amount of capital. ( McCully, P and Wong, S, 2004 ) . Small and micro hydro power are emerging as new beginning of energy, but these are the scattered beginnings and requires big amount of money to link with the state ‘s chief grid. So either it needs to be consumed locally or necessitate immense outgo to link it to the chief grid. The environmental effects caused by a hydroelectric system can be extended. However, the extent differs from one undertaking to another. A reservoir-based hydroelectric system can do a figure of alterations to the ecosystem, including stratification, ace impregnation, altering H2O degrees, and deposit ( McCully, P and Wong, S, 2004 ) . The greatest impacts of hydroelectric undertakings are found in fish populations and, more specifically, pink-orange populations. A recent survey released by the World Commission on Dams, nevertheless, found that some hydroelectric systems release more nursery gases into the ambiance than make coal-burning power coevals. Disintegrating flora trapped in dead H2O produces methane, which is 20 times more powerful as a nursery gas than C dioxide ( Anderson, H, 2001 ) . The big hydro power undertaking displaces huge country of human colony and that their resettlement cost immense sum of money.Wave And Tidal Energy:Energy can be generated by utilizing the se a moving ridge or sea tides. A critical portion of this exercising is to corroborate that the degrees of energy in the sea waves around the seashore are of sufficient magnitude to do wave power echt rival as an alternate beginning of power. Wave energy produces useable electricity from the kinetic energy of ocean. But there may happen ecological and socio-economic challenges. Impacts on piscaries, marine transit, and some recreational activity and ecological branching could be expected ( COPC, 2008 ) . Those commercial activities like piscaries and marine transit could ensue economic loss thereby straight set uping people support. Frequently ecological issues emerge as major concern before or during the building of these types of undertakings. And the declaration of such issues could be either the closing of the undertaking or expensive alternate agreement. In Korea, the ambitious undertaking of building of a Tidal Power Plant at Garolim bay came under immense argument because of the possible environmental and ecological harm, decrease in the tidal flat, debasement of saltwater quality that might do and be to retrieve the harm ( Lee, J, S and Hoonyoo, S,2009 ) . Such an illustration shows that these kinds of engineerings though seems renewable and less fouling but the cost involve in the extenuation for the indirect harm could do it much more expensive.Bio Power:Bio power is either generated by the burning of biomass or liquids derived from the works stuffs can be used for the replacing of fossil fuel. Bio-ethanol, an intoxicant can be made by fermenting the sugar constituents of the workss stuffs and is made largely from sugar and amylum harvests, where as bio Diesel can be made from vegetable oil, animate being fat or recycled lubricating oil ( Guru, M. 2010 ) . The first coevals bio fuel implies intensive agricultural patterns ( e.g. the high application of fertiliser and pesticides ) ( Russi, 2008 ) progressively it besides suggests that there will be competition for land usage and natural land ( forest and grassland ) , may hence be converted into cultivable land ; it may besides vie with nutrient production, which causes increasing nutrient monetary values that will chiefly harm those on low or subsistence incomes. Large-scale energy agriculture could be damaging both in footings of land usage and the chemicals necessary to bring forth harvests. Though these produce less pollutants than fossil fuel, the demand of huge country shorten the land for nutrient production ( IEA, 2009 ) Harmonizing to REN 2007, developing states as a group have more than 40 per centum of bing renewable power capacity, more than 70 per centum of bing solar hot H2O capacity, and 45 per centum of bio fuels production. But most of these states are fighting to feed their people and unable to afford the initial upfront cost for these energies. Although biomass is a renewable resource, much of it is presently used in ways that are neither renewable nor sustainable. In many parts of the universe, firewood is in progressively short supply as turning populations convert woods to agricultural lands and the staying trees are burned as fuel. As a consequence of hapless agricultural patterns, dirts in the U.S. Corn Belts are being eroded 18 times faster than they are being formed. ( Bradlely, R, L. , 1997 ) . So if the part of biomass to the universe energy economic system is to turn, technological inventions will be needed, so that biomass can be converted to useable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and at least every bit economical as today ‘s practices.With the exclusion of bioethanol from Brazil, production costs of bio fuels are typically much higher than those of fossil fuels ( Thielmann, S, 2008 ) , this state of affairs makes it less executable economically. An survey done by Russi, D,2008, in Italy showed that the little benefits from the bio fuel would non be plenty to countervail the immense costs in footings of land demand: if the mark of the European Directive 2003/30/EC were reached ( 5.75 % of the energy used for conveyance by 2010 ) the equivalent of about tierce of the Italian agricultural land would be needed.Geo Thermal Energy:Geothermal supplies more than 10,000 MW to 24 states world-wide and now produces adequate electricity to run into the demand of 60 million people ( Jonathan, D, 2008 ) . Iceland is widely considered the success narrative for this energy, this state is to the full powered by renewable energy with 17 % of electricity and 87 % of warming demands is provided by this energy. ( Blodgett, L. and Slack, K. , 2009 ) Despite of these successes, this energy beginning is limited to some location of the Earth merely and it is non ever found economical and is unable to give end product as predicted antecedently. Production had fallen far short of projections made in the 1980sand even worsening because of the fickle end product from the figure of California belongingss and nationally, geothermic end product in 1995 was 14 per centum below 1994, a bead of 2.4 million kWh ( Blodgett, L. and Slack, K. , 2009 ) . They farther mentioned that geothermal has turned out to be â€Å"depletable, † with limited capacity, falling end product, and modest new investingWhat could be the solution?There can non be a individual solution for this job. As the dodo fuel is consuming, it is indispensable to seek for another beginning for its replacing. It is non possible to trust wholly on a individual beginning of energy. Mixing of energy beginnings and debut of energy efficient engineering could assist a batch to get the better of this crisis.Mix of energy beginningsAll the energy types can non be available everyplace, solar energy requires adequate solar radiation hours, wind energy demands adequate wind speed and land, geothermic energy is confined on really few location of the Earth, moving ridge and tidal energy demand suited coastal country, bio fuel demands for immense land area of land. So it is indispensable to blend up these renewable energies with the conventional 1. Countries with adequate coastal country should underscore on air current, wave or tidal energy and blend up this energy with the conventional 1. The states which are rich on peculiar types of energy beginnings should advance that energy beginning. Though inordinate publicity of a individual type of energy beginning could be counterproductive. Excessive edifice of air current farm could impact on avian motion and even ensue the decease and monolithic graduated table air current farm can change or divert the air motion. Source Promotion of immense graduated table of bio- fuel can alter the natural ecosystem and the full cropping form taking to mass scale famishment. The economic and societal impact that cause may overweighs the benefit of bio fuel. Blending up of these renewable beginnings with conventional one, in fact, lengthen the life of dodo fuel where as supply more clip for the development of cheap and efficient more alternate beginnings of energies therefore procuring energy for future.Energy efficiencyEnergy demand is the effect of population growing and rapid development aided by inefficient usage of energy. Quickly turning in-between category prosperity is further striving the already overstretched energy substructure. Huge scope of electronics and vehicles are now within the budget of new emerging in-between category of developing universe, those are increasing the energy demand in that country. Not all the vehicles and electronics are good energy efficient, the less efficient these mer chandises farther spoil the energy usage. Change in consumer behavior could be another of import facet in this respect. For illustration, alternatively of promoting people to purchase their ain vehicles, policy should promote utilizing public transit and for that it is indispensable to do the public transit efficient. Alternatively of doing capital intensive immense undertaking to bring forth energy, authorities should advance energy efficient engineering. The increased income and altering life manner is found as one of the of import implicit in causes of energy demand. The illustration of Hangzhou metropolis of China shows how the energy demands additions with economic prosperity, but it was non merely due to the economic betterment. Actually the state of affairs was farther worsen by the hapless thermic quality of the old bing edifice ( Ouyang, J, 2009 ) and that survey suggested to the redevelopment of bing old edifice for energy economy and less CO2 emanation of the metropolis. Improvement in bing old edifices and building of new high acting edifices and houses are critical. In United States, the residential and commercial edifices together consumes 39 % of the primary energy that state consumes and 70 % of the electricity ( NERL, 2005 ) . High acting edifices are designed to supply superior degrees of indoor comfort and buoy uping while devouring important less energy than those run intoing minimal criterions for energy efficiency. In add-on these edifices incorporate energy- bring forthing engineerings such as photovoltaic ( PV ) solar electric system. Harmonizing to NREL, 2005, mid- term option such as cellulose based ethyl alcohol and stopper in intercrossed electric vehicles are engineerings in the ulterior phase of development, but they are still excessively expensive to vie in the market place. Though the engineering can turn low value works stuffs, such as maize chaffs, saw dust, waste paper and fast turning trees and grasses into ethyl alcohol and other valuable fuels and chemicals and could assist to cut down dependence on fossil fuel and nursery gas emanation but it is still excessively expensive ( NREL, 2005 ) and merely the publicity of such engineering can non assist ordinary people. A survey done by Michael, A, et. al. , in 2009 on Potential benefits from improved energy efficiency of cardinal electrical merchandises ( family iceboxs, window air conditioners, motors and distribution transformers ) estimate that betterments to the four merchandises studied could cut down electricity ingestion in India by 54 TWh, or about 4.3 % of entire electricity demand in that twelvemonth. This is an of import consequence in itself, and suggests that several times this economy is accomplishable sing all merchandises. This survey proves that energy efficient engineering helps to procure energy for future in existent sense.DecisionThe development of scientific innovations changed the human civilization to greater extent. Discovery of fossil fuel and development of vehicles and industries together catalysed the procedure of development. But the inordinate and inefficient usage of these fixed stocks are now consuming quickly coercing us to happen out the option, beside this, the c oncern over the green house gas emanation is farther obliging us to deviate from the dodo fuel. Increasing population, particularly the turning in-between category of developing states are famished to energy as they are now able to afford most of the energy intensive engineerings. The inefficiency of those engineerings has farther additions the demand of energy. The quickly depleting beginnings of dodo fuel and environmental concern has diverted towards the renewable beginnings of energy, but most of them need upfront capital and more or less makes environmental harm and that increases the entire cost of the undertaking doing it further expensive. Assorted undertakings on renewable energy are unable to bring forth the adequate energy, sometimes non even the jutting one doing it undependable beginnings of energy. So it can non be possible to trust on merely one type of resource. Energy commixture, i.e. commixture of conventional and renewable could assist to give the best consequence, increasing the life of fossil fuel stock to some extent and leting clip to develop energy efficient renewable engineerings. Introduction of energy friendly engineerings in industries, concern, transit and family could significantly conserve the energy. Simply the recreation towards renewable energies becomes extremely expensive and merely the usage of dodo fuel could heighten planetary heating, so in my position it is much more indispensable to blend up these energies to do it low-cost and chair the cost of energy.