Business Intelligence with Data Mining

Business Intelligence with Data Mining Abstract Banking and finance institutions are growing very fast in this globalization era. Mergers, acquisitions, globalization have made these institutions bigger. No doubt, the data also grow real huge and more varied. Big data storage such as data warehouse and data marts are provided to give a solution on big data storage. On the other sides, those data are needed to be analyzed. Business intelligence finally comes in as a solution in analyzing those huge data. Business intelligence especially with data mining can create a solution in further decision making.With various tools and techniques, data mining has been proven in many aspects of business. Hidden informations that stored inside either data warehouse or data marts can be gained easily. In example, those hidden informations are market and economy trens, competitor trends, competitive price, good products and services and also can provide better customer relationship management. There is still one benefit in business intelligence with data mining that this paper will focus on, i. e. risk management and frauds and losses prevention. One of product from banking and finance institutions is credit loans.It is really a high risk business, but with business intelligence with data mining especially classification and clustering techniques, it can be maintained and implemented safely and of course with low risks, minimized frauds and losses and increased profits and revenues. Keywords : Banking and Finance, Business Intelligence, Data Mining, Risk Management, Credit Loans Introduction Banking and Finance institutions are growing rapidly nowadays. For one institution, there are more than one offices or branches in one country or even in different country.Globalization, mergers, acquisitions, competitions, market changes are some of the reasons behind why are they growing fast. As those banking and finance institutions grow, so do the data. In this case, banking and financ e institutions probably have much more data than other institutions. Every single customer or people has one or more accounts in one institution or more. The challenge is how to maintain those data easily, how to make good decision among those data, how to create good product for customers and how to retain good customers that can bring much more profits and increase revenues.For those that can not maintain data and make a decision for further movement without analyze the data before will find it hard to be success or even lose in competition with other banking and finance institutions. Some of key success factors in banking and finance institutions, such as : 1. Customer satisfaction Good customer management and good product are the key to satisfy customer. If the institution could manage the customer well and offer good product that can produce benefit to both sides then it will guarantee customer will be very satisfied. 2. Customer loyalty There is no guarantee that satisfied cus tomers will be loyal.Strategies and tactics are needed to retain those customers. 3. Increased profit & revenue Similar with business institutions, gaining profit and increase revenue are the most important thing. 4. Minimal risk With many customers, banking and finance institutions need to analyze the risks that probably could happen. Not all of customers are good customer. Fraud or loss might happen. 5. Readiness for new markets to increase customer Markets are changing rapidly. Winning the competition means winning the customer. Offered products are the key here such as higher interest, free admin cost etc. 6. Efficiency of operationsSince banking and finance institutions have several branches and many customers, the challenge is to make operations in daily transactions become efficient. Problems in Banking and Finance Institutions Similar with other institutions in business, banking and finance institutions also have some of problems in their business. Below are some of those pr oblems : 1. Separated data instance Data are separated through branches all over the place. The banking and finance institution will find it hard to collect and analyze the data. This will also impact in decision making because decision should be made after analyzing all of the data. . High risk Banking and finance institutions have many customers and not all of those customers are good customer. Need to find out whether the customer is realible or not. 3. How to detect fraud and prevent loss Frauds and losses might happen in banking and finance institutions. Fraud in credit loans will cause loss to the institution. 4. How to create good customer relationship To compete in the market and winning customer, banking and finance institutions need to create good customer relationship to satisfy customers and make them loyal. 5. How to create good productProduct is one the aspect that customers consider. Create a good product and can compete with others product will impact in customer win ning. 6. How to find the hidden information inside those data to ease the decision making Huge data are needed to be analyzed and there are some hidden informations in those data that could affect the decision maker in making the decision. If the decision made is crucial one, it could lead to future success. Business Intelligence Business Intelligence can be defined as an ability of an enterprise to comprehend and use information in order to increase the performance.Business intelligence has several activities, procedures and applications. Some of those that mostly used are : Data Warehousing, Data Marts, OLAP Tools, tools for Extract Transform and Load (ETL), Information Portals, Data Mining, Business Modelling, etc (Katarina Curko, 2007). Business Intelligence can also defined as the process of gathering high-quality and meaningful information about the subject matter being researched that will help the individual(s) analyzing the information, draw conclusions or make assumptions (Muhammad Nadeem, 2004). In this paper, we shall focus more in data mining.Data mining works with data warehouse and data marts for data storage and extract transform and load (ETL) tools. Some of advantages by using business intelligence with data mining: 1. Gain profit and revenue for enterprise With business intelligence, the enterprise can gain the data access easily and integrated inside data warehouse & data marts. So the enterprise can service customers better and quicker which will impact in profit and revenue increment. 2. Decision making With data mining in business intelligence, the enterprise can gain the hidden informations in those huge data and can make quick and easy decisions. . Expand the market segment With the ease of decision making, the enterprise can make decision in markets such as price, discount, etc which will impact in winning the market competition. Data Mining Data mining refers to computer-aided pattern discovery of previously unknown interrelationship s and recurrences across seemingly unrelated attributes in order to predict actions, behaviours and outcomes. Data mining, in fact, helps to identify patterns and relationships in the data (Bhasin, 2006). Some of goal examples in using Data mining: 1.Forecasting market price With data mining, enterprise can predict the market price and decide on the best price to compete the price in market. 2. Cross-selling and up-selling analysis Data mining can be used to analyze market based on products. It means enterprise can make cross-selling or up-selling to their products to optimize or increase the sales. 3. Profiling customers Data mining can be used to segment customers depends on the category. For example we categorize customers by their profit or revenue. 4. Manage customer retentionNot only enterprises data, data mining can be used to manage customer data which will impact in better customer relationship management. [pic] Figure 1. Overview of Business Intelligence with Data Mining S ource of data that we shall process come from various sources such as customer data, market data, transaction data, product data, service data etc. As mentioned above, those huge and heterogeneous data will be stored in data warehouse and data marts. Before entering either data warehouse and data marts, those data will be extracted, cleaned up and sometimes transformed into different types of data.Then it will load the results into data warehouse and data marts. In this data warehouse and data marts, the data will be stored. Once the user want to analyze the data using data mining, the system will gather the data stored in data warehouse and data marts. With some of slicing and dicing techniques, data mining process the required data and resulting in enterprise reports. With these reports, management of enterprise then decides what to do next. Data Mining Techniques According to (Larissa T. Moss, 2003), data mining itself has many models and various methods in analyzing data.When to use one of these models or methods depend on the requirements. Below are some of those models or methods : †¢ Associations Discovery Is used to identify the behaviour of specific events or processes. Associations discovery links occurrences within a single event. Example of use in discovering when a person buys a toothbrush then may also buy a toothpaste or a person buys a cigarette may also buy the lighter. †¢ Sequential Pattern Discovery Is similar to associations discovery except that a sequential pattern discovery links events over time and determines how items relate to each ther over time. Example of use in predicting a person who buys a couple sets of computer may also buy a switch or router within three months. †¢ Classification Is the most common data mining technique. Classification looks at the behaviour and attributes of predetermined groups. Data mining tool can classify to new data by examining the existing data that has been classified before. Example of use in classifying characteristics of customers. †¢ Clustering Is used to find different groupings within the data.Clustering is similar to classification except that no groups have yet been defined at the outset of running the data mining tool. Clustering divides items into groups based on the similarities the data mining tool finds. Clustering is used for problems such as detecting manufacturing defects or finding affinity groups for credit cards. †¢ Forecasting Is used to forecasting market or forecasting products in manufacturing enterprise. Comes in two types: regression analysis (predict future based on whole past trends) and time sequence discovery (predict future based on time-dependent data values).Business Intelligence in Banking and Finance Banking and finance in this paper, is the institution that require to adapt in globalization, flexible in market, keep growing, create innovations to gain more customers that will increase profit and revenue. The challengi ng questions is how to achieve those requirements. Those institutions also do risk management to handle frauds and losses. With high profit and revenue, it will be useless if the institution can not handle possible risks, in this case frauds and losses are the most possible risks. They need customers but after customers increased so do the risks.So the possible way is to manage those risks. The same question as above, how to make the risk management easily and cover up all the risks. With business intelligence, all of those things can be achieved. Banking and finance institutions can depend on business intelligence in many aspects. Efficiency of analyzing the data, detection of frauds and losses, risk management, customer management and product management are some of these aspects. Striving for success, banking and finance institutions always trying to create new innovation either in products or services.Mergers and acquisitions have inevitable made those institutions have really hu ge and heterogeneous data. Impossible to maintain those data without new technologies (Katarina Curko, 2007). Using Data Mining as Solution in Credit Loans for Banking and Finance As mentioned above, this paper will focus more on data mining in business intelligence. After discussing the benefit of business intelligence in banking and finance institutions, at last we go to the last important question, how to extract the hidden informations from those huge and heterogeneous data.In this section, we shall focus more on how to predict frauds, losses and risks that might happen in credit loans. Being able to predict risks, frauds and losses are the main concern these days in banking and finance institutions. Credit loans nowadays have been growing rapidly. Almost every single shop or business center allows payment with credit card, but we shall focus more on credit loans such as loan for business, vehicle etc. Credit loans have been the most interesting product for banking and finance i nstitutions. Many customers are looking for credit availability to help them financially.With the credit interests, the banking and finance institutions gain profits. Quite interesting business when they can offer credit and gain the profit from the credit interests, but the most important question is how to guarantee that the customer is a good one or at least make sure the customer will pay back including the credit interests so those institutions will not get frauds and losses. We can say to prevent frauds and losses is a kind of risk management. Risk management really is a crucial step to do especially in banking and finance institutions.Risk management in banking and finance institutions itself covers many aspects such as liquidity risk, operational risk and concentration risk. Today, integrated measurement of different kinds of risk (market and credit risk) is moving into focus. These all are based on models representing single financial instruments or risk factors, their beha viour, and their interaction with overall market (Dass, 2006). We shall focus more on credit risk. Credit risk assessment is key component in the process of commercial lending (Dass, 2006). The institution has money to lend but to decide which customer or borrower is not an easy matter.We shall learn more about the customer or borrower, find their background, their market transaction, their current income, and in more extreme way is learning their current life. To make those tasks possible, we can use classification or clustering in data mining technique. These data mining tools can provide a grouping of customer or borrower. Let’s say there are three groups of customer or borrower that we want to manage. First, high valued customers, middle valued customers and low valued customers. Before put customers into those groupings, there are many things to consider and analyze.Different institutions use different kinds of classification and analysis. But in general, things to consi der and analyze are customer background, customer history transaction, customer credit history, customer account at another banking or finance institution, customer income. Those are from credit customer or borrower perspective. They also consider and analyze market and economy trends to calculate and manage the possible profit gained before make a decision to lend or give the credit. [pic] Figure 2. Overview of Data Mining Process (Classification & Clustering) in Credit LoansWith these data mining tools, the analyst from those institutions can easily decide to approve the credit or not. Logically, analyst or management inside institutions will decide to lend or approve the credit requested by customers in high valued customer then it goes down until low valued customer. But not all decisions are correct, many aspects can cause wrong decision such as incomplete data or unconsistent data of customers, market & economy trends changing, or other aspects. But these tools surely help a l ot to do risk management in credit loans which will impact in minimized rauds and losses and increased profits and revenues. Conclusion Banking and finance institutions have so many products and services offered to customers. One of those are credit loans. Credits that offered to customers or borrowers are not directly approved if one of the customer or borrower makes a request of credit. Many aspects to consider and analyze. With business intelligence especially with data mining including data warehouse and data marts, those important aspects are collected, stored and analyzed. Specifically we use a couple of data mining technique i. e. classification and clustering.The purpose is to group the customer or borrower into groups that are easily to read and analyzed by institution analyst or management to ultimately decide to approve the requested credit or not. In this paper we suggest three groupings of customers or borrowers such as high valued customer, middle valued customer and l ow valued customer. Analyst or management also analyze the market and economy trends beside customer aspects. In the end, these business intelligence and data mining tools are used to ease in decision making to make the best decision for whole enterprise. References Journals: [1] Dass, R. (2006).Data Mining In Banking And Finance: A Note For Bankers. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad . [2] Katarina Curko, M. P. (2007). Business Intelligence and Business Process Management in Banking Operations. Information Technology Interfaces . [3] Muhammad Nadeem, S. A. (2004). Application of Business Intelligence In Banks (Pakistan). CoRR . Textbooks: [1] Bhasin, M. L. (2006). The Chartered Accountant, Banking and Finance, Data Mining: A Competitive Tool in the Banking. Oman. [2] Larissa T. Moss, S. A. (2003). Business Intelligence Roadmap: The Complete Project Lifecycle for Decision-Support Applications. Addison Wesley.

Ghosts with Sh!t jobs

The narrative follows a couple who majored in robotics, a digital Janitor, a human spam-bot, and two silk-collecting brothers. The couple who majored in robotics work as baby assemblers in Canada for the rich Asian families overseas. I found this aspect of the film interesting because something as essential as a baby is fabricated and made a commodity, not unlike the current relationship between North America and Asian countries and the fabrication of essentials like clothing, vehicles, and food.The director draws attention to the current situation in Asia through the contrast of the real world and Morrison's fabricated world. The digital Janitor draws attention to the mass censorship of media and the control that governments have over their countrys access to information. This Janitor enters the digital past-world through a virtual reality interface and blocks out any advertisements or sensitive information that his Asian superiors would not like shown to the public.Here Morrison to uches on aspects of todays society like the privatization of information, centralizing control, nd the actions that our governments take to ensure that protection of information and reinforce control. I found that the human spam-bot, (employed by a Nigerian â€Å"spam cartel†) was the ultimate representation of a pop-up or advertisement that we today are so irritated by. However, the slick manner in which she advertises correlates with todays marketing and advertising firms' strong motives to deceive and manipulate the consumer.Morrison takes a very interesting approach to filmmaking and narrative in general s he has completely flipped the economic and business world of today. I found that the multiple narratives gave the viewer a sense of depth and more solid understanding of what is happening today between North America and Asia with regard to economical power and the distribution of products and resources. For the art world, this film looks to the future of societies on an international level, and gives viewers the opportunity to experience life in a different light through the film itself. Ghosts with Sh! t jobs By goremancer

Exploring the Biological Perspective on Depression

Approximately 80% of people who experience depression are currently not receiving any treatment. This statistic Is sad because depression Is one of the most treatable Illnesses. If treated with the proper medication and or therapy, 80% to 90% will find relief. By the year 2020, depression will be the second most common health problem in the world (SYS). I believe depression to be a very Interesting topic because as common as depression is, there is still a stigma attached to â€Å"being depressed. † I currently suffer from depression and would like to know more about it and the different treatments that are available.In this study, I will explain, discuss, and elaborate upon the point of view, assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses of the biological perspective on depression. The biological perspective focuses on how the brain functions and the influence of genetics on behavior. Therefore, the biological perspective explains depression as it relates to the functions of the bra in. There are roughly ten million cells, called neurons, In your brain and each neuron connects to another neuron. When the connection is made, it is in the form of an electrical impulse which travels down the connections between neurons.The neurons that carry these electrical impulses contain small gaps called synapses. These are important because they allow electrical activity, and hence brain functioning, to take place. In order for an impulse (or message) to go from one neuron across the synapse to another neuron. A number of important enzymes, called neurotransmitters, have to come into play. In total there six different groups of neurotransmitters and each one is specific to a particular type of brain cell. From the point of view of depression, the main neurotransmitters are serotonin and noradrenalin, sometimes called morphogenesis Priest).When we are depressed, physical changes take place within our bodies. The most Important of these changes takes place within the brain. It Is on this basis that depression is considered a physical illness, rather than merely something psychological or something that exists only in the imagination or perception of the ‘OFF sufferer (Pretest). I nerve Is a null degree AT variation among people Walt depression In terms of symptoms, course of illness, and response to treatment, indicating that depression may have a number of complex and interacting causes.These varying actors pose a major challenge to researchers attempting to understand and treat the disorder (Psych Central). However, recent advances in research technology are bringing National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) scientists closer than ever before to characterizing the biology and physiology of depression in its different forms and to the possibility of identifying effective treatments for individuals based on symptom presentation.People who suffer from depression have low levels of these two neurotransmitters, and this is thought to lead to the main symptoms of low mood, owe-energy, depressed outlook on life, disturbed sleep and a low drive or arousal which relates back to the definition of depression. The strengths of the biological perspective that relate to depression are the fact that depression is mainly a result of low levels of certain neurotransmitters. Another reason could be an imbalance of hormones, which would explain why nearly twice as many women as men are affected by a depressive illness each year.The influence of hormones on depression in women has been an active area of NIMH research. One recent study was the first to demonstrate that the troublesome depressive mood wings and physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (MS), a disorder affecting 3% to 7% of menstruating women, results from an abnormal response to normal hormone changes during the menstrual cycle. The hormonal system that regulates the body response to stress is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HAP) axis. It is overactive in many patients wi th depression.The hypothalamus, the brain region responsible for managing hormone release from glands throughout the body, increases production of a substance called corporation releasing factor (CRY), when a threat to physical or psychological well-being is detected. Elevated levels and effects of CRY lead to increased hormone secretion by the pituitary and adrenal glands which prepares the body for defensive action. NIMH research suggests that persistent over activation of this hormonal system may lay the groundwork for depression.The elevated CRY levels detectable in depressed patients are reduced by treatment with antidepressant drugs or ACT, and this reduction corresponds to improvement in depressive symptoms [ (Psych Central) In the sixties, the biological perspective became dominant due to numerous breakthroughs in genetics, psychopathology, neurophysiology, and brain research. Genetic research has also been able to show support that biological elements play a strong role in depression.Close relatives of people who suffer from depression were found to be more susceptible to depression in comparison to people of the general population. There has been extensive research done on trying to identify the gene that causes depression. However, it has been hard to identify the gene and researchers feel that there are several genes that contribute to depression, meaning that each gene makes a small contribution. Psychopathology provides more evidence that the biological perspective is the primary Doctor In oppression. Ever ten past cache, targeted rug eagles NAS lea to significant advances in the pharmacological management of depression. In the sass the introduction of the selective serotonin eruptive inhibitors (Girls), into clinical medicine was heralded as the â€Å"first class† of antidepressants with a selective action on a key neurological target in depression, namely serotonin. The selective serotonin eruptive inhibitors (Girls) are the most widely used antidepressants cause they are easy to use, and their side effects are better tolerated than those of older antidepressants.The most frequently used Girls are Florentine (Approach), serialize (Zloty), parenting (Paxar), and Catalonian (Clean). A newer antidepressant is ventilating (Officer), which is closely related to the Girls. Antidepressant medications take several weeks to be clinically effective even though they begin to alter brain chemistry with the very first dose. Research now indicates that antidepressant effects result from slow-onset adaptive changes within the neurons.The fact that a depressed person can take an antidepressant and feel better proves that depression is mainly the result of the biological perspective [ (â€Å"Pharmacology and Depression† Pumped. Gob) Neurophysiology is a branch of clinical psychology that studies how the brain and nervous system affect how we function on a daily basis. Unlike the use of normalizing techniques such as MR., CT scans and Egg's where the focus is on nervous system structures, neurophysiology seeks to understand how the various components of the brain are able to do their Jobs.Clinical neurophysiology makes SE of various assessment methods to ascertain function and dysfunction and applies this knowledge to evaluate, treat, and rehabilitate individuals with suspected or demonstrated neurological or psychological problems [ (Rightful. Com) In the past decade, there have been significant advances in our ability to investigate brain function at multiple levels. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is collaborating with various scientific disciplines to effectively utilize the tools of molecular and cellular biology and genetics.Modern brain imaging technologies re revealing that in depression, neural circuits responsible for the regulation of moods, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior fail to function properly, and that critical neurotransmitters, chemicals used by nerve cells to c ommunicate, are perhaps out of balance [ (Psych Central) The weaknesses of the biological perspective are that it does not take into account your environment, society, and culture. The behavioral perspective explains mental illness as a learned response to stimuli. From a behavioral perspective, learning theorists assume that depression and the lack of reinforcement are related.Most researchers think that depression results from an interaction between the person's biological characteristics and psychological vulnerability and the occurrence of stressful events in his or her life [ (Huckleberry) The socio-cultural perspective describes depression as the result of social, economic, and cultural factors. Strong evidence of this is shown among people living in poverty. In addition, there are other factors, such as today's high rate of unemployment and victims of social disasters like war. In ten manliest perspective, a person's Taller to Tina meaning In Tie or to lawful their potential can be attributed to depression.Abraham Mascot was an American psychologist who was best known for his theory of human motivation, which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization. Mascot proposed that an individual is motivated by a hierarchy of needs. A humans basic needs must be met before higher ones can be satisfied. Arranged in order from lowest to highest in a hierarchy, the needs are physiological (satisfaction of hunger and thirst), safety (security), belongingness and love (being loved, avoiding loneliness), esteem achievement, recognition, self-esteem), self-actualization (realization of one's full potential).Mascot also believed that the achievement of self-actualization is often marked by peak experiences, feelings of incredible peace and happiness in the course of life activities. When these, hierarchy of needs that Mascot talks about are not met like being lonely, having low self esteem, and not reaching ones full potential in correlation with the biol ogical factors, you have a recipe for depression. Carl Rogers, a clinical psychologist, used the theory of self-concept, which he defined as n organized pattern of perceived characteristics along with the values attached to those attributes.He also assumed that within each individual there is a biological drive toward growth of self-concept, which can ultimately lead to self-actualization. Rogers believed that while children's self-concept is developing, they may internalize conditions of worth, Judgments about the kinds of behaviors that will bring approval from others. He felt that to promote growth and development, parents and authority figures should give a child unconditional acceptance and love, which allows a child to evolve self-acceptance and to achieve self-actualization.To help his clients get back on the road to self-actualization, he developed a therapeutic approach called client- centered therapy, in which the therapist offers the client unconditional positive regard b y supporting the client regardless of what is said. The warm, sympathetic therapeutic environment allows the client to be freed of internalized conditions of worth and to resume the self-actualization process [ (Huckleberry) In conclusion, by exploring the different psychological perspectives, I had to take y blinders off in order gain a greater understanding of depression and how it relates to the perspectives.

Research paper for modern philosophy, The Fable of the Bees by Bernard Essay

Research paper for modern philosophy, The Fable of the Bees by Bernard Mandeville - Essay Example What was also of great import was the style in which the whole work was written. Mandeville’s easy flow of verse sounded both rhetorical as well as downright practical at the same time. Just when the reader was getting used to his signature style, they were trying to find their bearings in a sea of ethical turmoil that Mandeville had cast them into. The kind of speculation that he forced upon his readers is what has made his work not just remembered, but also the subject of many philosophical and ethical discussions. Very often, the reader is left wondering whether they really grasped the meaning of the poem; hence reading and re-reading the poem continues to be a common occurrence. Mandeville’s work forced readers from all walks of life to look at the relativity of life rather than trying to find exhaustive answers to many problems. It became a tool to kindle the thought process of those who had come to accept the words of those in power – political, religious or otherwise. He seemed to enjoy turning upside down the very precepts by which people had lived for a very long time, paying no heed whatsoever to the discord that he had created not just between various groups of people, but within these groups as well. This essay endeavors to present a picture visualized by Mandeville, with special emphasis on the economic angle. Though religion, social and political perspectives are intertwined in this discussion, there is a concerted effort on the part of this writer to present the economics of a world portrayed by Mandeville. Before going into the economic aspects of Mandeville’s work it is essential to get into his mind and ascertain the exact (or near-exact) nature of the picture he tried to paint. A close look at how Mandeville viewed human psyche reveals a few surprising facts: the central element in his scrutiny of the human mind was his unshakeable belief that there was a basal irrationality demonstrated by humans that lead them to behave

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Personal statement - Essay Example left my homeland of South Korea I would perhaps not have the opportunities that I do now and if I had not seen and learned to adapt to the extremely diverse cultures surrounding me I would possibly be ignorant to many new and wondrous things, especially with regard to my educational experiences. These facts alone have changed my outlook on what drives me to succeed in college and in my attempt to enter into dental school as the next phase of my learning experience. My ambitions are strong and my will to make something of my self even stronger as my current level of education can attest too. For emphases in the past I have volunteered my time to areas of dentistry where people are economically deprived. I worked along side of Dr. Cox in the Friday free clinic of which assisted me in making up my mind to focus solely on dentistry as a career. I gained adequate knowledge through this experience some being learning how to pull teeth, make crowns, and developing more fluid interpersonal skills for areas of communication. All that I have gained thus far, and my personal characteristics and attributes, are all positive elements of an individual who is sincere of gaining a degree through college study as it takes perseverance, patience, and an understanding within you to make it th rough this complex period. However, there is one other experience that helped in concreting my future goals and plans in a profession of my choosing. This next experience which has motivated me to want to become a dental student is my past participation in the Medical Students Organization. I became involved with the Mission Waco Dental Service which happens to be another area where I volunteered freely, and next to my experience with Dr. Cox it has been one of the most enlightening for me educational wise. I personally guided and helped many patients get to the dentist office and prepared medications for them at a laboratory as well. It was exhilarating to me to learn and find out

How were Russians influenced by American media regarding body image, Term Paper - 1

How were Russians influenced by American media regarding body image, beauty and the way they behaved - Term Paper Example On the other hand, it cant but be stated that Russian national values have drastically changed under the influence of America mainly through mass media, and especially television (Hentoff, 2002). The question remains to be open, whether Russians are too weak to resist to the influence that is determining their behavior, way of life and predicting their actions for the nearest future. Actually, it must be mentioned that the values, which they used to hold earlier, have not changed, but their attitude towards them is absolutely different in comparison to what it used to be a couple of decades ago. Thus, it is essential to discuss this issue and to prove that Russians are greatly influenced by America and this influence is more positive than negative. Before talking about how exactly the way of life of Russians were influenced by America, it is essential to trace the history and roots of such influence. We live in a world of contradictions, where there is a constant need to prove the strength and power. From time immemorial there exists a confrontation between superpowers. Russia and the United States of America are the brightest samples of such confrontation (Rios, 2006). It is hard to say definitely why the American-Russian relations are so specific: different mentalities, lifestyles, cultures and, of course, ideology and history. The situation was injected by the journalists, authorities and just people eager to create sensations. An iron curtain was hung over the former USSR. The USSR mass media made monsters even of ordinary Americans and vice versa. Such situation was suppressing and largely created artificially. It was a time of proxy wars that destroyed lives on both continents .People are still getting through the effect s of so-called â€Å"Cold War† which, according to The United States Department’s expression, was a global competition of two ideologies of The Free world and Communistic

Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry Essay

Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry - Essay Example In "Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry" essay, the author gives full analysis of the tourism sector in the United Kingdom, including outbound, inbound and domestic tourism. After three years of downturn for the tourism industry, it robustly rebounded in 2004 with more than 760 million arrivals globally – an increase of around ten percent over 2003. This was indeed a welcome change after three years of stagnation following the September 11 attacks, the SARS crisis and the Iraq war, almost all destination markets recorded substantial growth. It is estimated that there are 1.4 million jobs in tourism in the UK, some 5% of all people in employment in the UK amounting to more jobs in tourism than in construction or transport put together. Of these, approximately 130,400 of these jobs are in self-employment. The broader perspective of the Travel & Tourism economy (direct and indirect) is expected to create 16,590 new jobs for the UK economy for a total of 2,857,300 job s dependent on Travel & Tourism or 9.3 percent of total employment. Domestic tourism: The total revenue garnered was to the tune of  £13.7 billion in 2003 by the UK residents and they took 70.5 million holidays of one night or more. Of these 22.3 million was business travel comprising of overnight business trips spending  £6.1 billion while the rest was leisure travel amounting to 34.3 million overnight trips to friends and relatives spending  £3.4 billion, overall with an expenditure estimated to be over  £59 billion in 2003. ... The top five overseas markets for the UK in 2004 were: Country Visits (000) Country Spend ( m) USA 3,616 USA 2,400 France 3,254 Germany 825 Germany 2,968 France 769 Irish Republic 2,578 Irish Republic 760 Netherlands 1,620 Spain 618 (Source from website The UK industry is expected to benefit from strong inbound traffic to post GBP34.9 -13824 (US$66.6 billion) in total Visitor Exports in 2005 or 11.5 per cent of total exports. Outbound Tourism: The number of visits abroad made by UK residents has almost tripled since 1984, to a record 64.2 million visits in 2004. Two-thirds of these visits abroad were holidays, just under half of which were package holidays. Spending on visits abroad by UK residents increased to a record 30.3 billion, a fourfold increase between 1984 and 2004 in real terms, and a 10 per cent increase between 2003 and 2004. (Source from website) Domestic tourism: The total revenue garnered was to the tune of 13.7 billion in 2003 by the UK residents and they took 70.5 million holidays of one night or more. Of these 22.3 million was business travel comprising of overnight business trips spending 6.1 billion while the rest was leisure travel amounting to 34.3 million overnight trips to friends and relatives spending 3.4 billion, overall with an expenditure estimated to be over 59 billion in 2003. Expenditure from domestic and inbound tourism 2001 ( billion) 2002 ( billion) Spending by overseas residents Visits to the UK 12.8 11.3 Fares to UK carriers 3.5 3.2 Spending by domestic tourists Trips of 1+ nights 26.1 26.1 Day

Quality Reliability and Maintenance Research Paper

Quality Reliability and Maintenance - Research Paper Example 2. QUESTION 4: Describe and then critically assess how your company designs, develops and produces a new product or service. Suggest practical ways in which current methods could be improved and explain the likely benefits to be gained from application of your suggestions. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents 3 1.QUESTION 2 4 1.1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.2 SIX SIGMA DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF SIX SIGMA 4 1.3 DEFINITION OF EFQM AND A BRIEF DESCRIPTION 7 1.4 THE MANNER IN WHICH SIX SIGMA ADDRESSES EFQM MODEL 8 1.5 ACTIONS OF EFQM THAT SIX SIGMA DOESN’T COVER 9 1.6 CONCLUSION 10 2.0 Question 4 10 2.1 INTRODUCTION 10 2.1.1 THE DESIGN PHASE 11 2.1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE 12 2.1.3 THE PRODUCTION PHASE 13 2.2 WHAT DMADV IS IN DESIGN OF SIX SIGMA 13 2.2.1 DEFINE 14 2.2.2 MEASURE 14 2.2.3 ANALYSE 15 2.2.4 DESIGN 16 2.2.5 VERIFY 16 2.3 A DETAILED EXPLANATION OF DMADV APPROACH. 17 2.4 IMPROVING THIS APPROACH. 18 2.5 CONCLUSION 19 BIBILIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES 20 Graham Cartwright and John Oakla nd (2007) Lean Six Sigma – Making it ‘Business as Usual’. ... AINING DURATION OF BELTS IN SIX SIGMA 18 1.QUESTION 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION Most organisation in the world have concerns over process improvements in order to operate in the competitive market. Many CEO’s have been forced on implementing tools that will help them work smarter. This requires deep understanding of the business processes of the enterprise or the holistic overview of the organisation, as well as the ability to execute change on these processes. Tools focus generally in ensuring the organisation find a way to survive in the competitive All tools are Important but depending on certain situations one tool may be ideal to the other. Managers should be able to know when to use a tool depending on the advantages and disadvantages of the tools. Changing of tools enables the organisation run smoothly in the market gaining advantages that can’t be seen by its competitors, 1.2 SIX SIGMA DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF SIX SIGMA It is defined as a management approachwhich ai ms at improving the quality of processes by minimizing and eventually removing the errors and defects. This concept is developed to ensure that the customer’s satisfactions and requirements are meet and put in place.Tomkins (1997) defines that Six Sigma is aprogramme aimed at the near-elimination of defects from every product, process and transaction.Six sigma implies 3 main features statistical management, management strategy and quality culture.In fact, any process which does not lead to customer satisfaction is referred to as a defect and has to be eliminated from the system to ensure superior quality of products and services.The goal of the statistical quality control as a feature within the Six Sigma Methodology is to determine whether something has gone wrong with the manufacturing system. By

Helth, Safety and Environment in the Petroleum Industry Research Paper

Helth, Safety and Environment in the Petroleum Industry - Research Paper Example Contextually, petroleum organisations are currently learnt as well aware about its importance for economic developments as well as the requirements for reduction of environmental and safety risks in the workplace through numerous measures. Acknowledging, understanding and implying appropriate measures of those risks in timely manner are also crucial for petroleum organisations in order to ensure safety of the employees and the community members. By promoting training facilities as well, petroleum organisations can enhance the knowledge of staffs about better and efficient utilisation of the equipments and tools. The experience of staffs about various good practices in the workplace can also be quite beneficial for ensuring safety and avoiding accidents to a larger extent. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Overview of Petroleum Industry 5 Health, Safety and Environment in Petroleum Industry 6 Health Issues in Petroleum Industry 7 Safety Issues in Petroleum Industry 8 Environ mental Issues of Petroleum Industry 9 Major Contributions of Oil and Gas Industry toward Heath, Safety and Environment 9 Recommendations 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction In petroleum industry maintaining a healthy and safe environment is regarded to be quite essential, not only because of intrinsic protection risks but also due to absolute quarantine of hazardous materials associated in every oil and gas organization. Since petroleum industry is experiencing a rapid development within the context of current phenomenon, it is quite likely to face possible health and safety problems along with environmental risks in upcoming days owing to its expansion, both in terms of production and organisational size (Petroleum Exploration and Production Association of New Zealand, 2011). Considering these aspects, the discussion will concentrate on health, safety and environmental issues associated with the petroleum industry. Thereby, the objective of the discussion will be to apprais e different articles and literatures from a generalized perspective illustrating the requirement of safety performances in the oil and gas sector. The discussion will also consider different factors causing such risks to recommend on the safe operations of equipment and tools utilized in the petroleum industry internationally. Overview of Petroleum Industry Petroleum industry is often considered to be one of major sources for income generation that in turn attempts to render greater support for enhancing the economic condition of a nation. In the international context, petroleum industry represents a significant percentage of the aggregate power consumption. For instance, in the year 1995, the petroleum industry accounted for the consumption of almost 63% of global power supply in comparison to coal mining, nuclear energy and hydroelectric energy which represented only 27%, 7% and 3% respectively of worldwide energy generation (International Association of Oil & Gas Products, 1997). Consequently, after the increase in global economic prosperity, the world’s demand for oil consumption has been augmenting with rapidity. For instance, in the year 2002, the international usage of oil and gas amounted to almost 220 cubic feet a day which is further expected to increase rapidly in the near future.

The Most Important Signer of the US Constitution Essay - 2

The Most Important Signer of the US Constitution - Essay Example George Washington was born in February 1932 in Virginia and received basic English education from his mother since his father died when George was just ten years old (Lossing 55). He became a surveyor at the age of seventeen and at the age of nineteen, was appointed a state-adjutant, a position he soon resigned to move with his brother to the West Indies. His services to the state started officially when he was 21 and was sent as an emissary to dissuade the French from hostile maneuvers, a feat that earned him credit and recognition (Lossing 55). He served in the military until 1758 when he retired and married a young widow. He was a farmer for a short while until he was called into the legislature and later into the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia (Lossing 55). He also directed the army in the struggle for independence by the revolting colonies during the great revolution. From Washington’s skill and experience, he was unanimously led to lead the convention that sat to modify the current form of government, efforts that resulted in the formation of the current constitution and the federal government. He was later elected as the first president of the United States of America, a post that he held for 8 years, after which he retired and died peacefully at the age of 68 in his native Virginia (Lossing 56). Lossing, Benson J. Eminent Americans: Comprising Brief Biographies of Leading Statesmen, Patriots, Orators and others, Men and Women, Who Have Made American History. New York: John B. Alden, 1883. P.

Evolution of Technology Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Technology Essay â€Å"Men are only so good as their technical developments allows them to be† (Orwell 56). When the technology boom occurred in the 1990s and beyond, a typical student’s backpack would consist of a boondoggle, leather-bound planner, pager, cassette player, 3. 5 inch floppy disk, and a hardcover textbook. Time advanced, and eventually made its way into the 2000s, when then a backpack would hold a keychain game, CD player, soft cover textbook with a CD-ROM, and a box-shaped cell phone. Technology continued to grow into the next decade with backpacks full of smart phones, laptops, graphic calculators, receipts for online textbook purchases, MP3 players, a backup charger, and a 4GB flash drive attached to the bag’s zipper. Evolution of technology has come into major play, and has begun to conquer today’s society with one discovery at a time. For example, as assembly lines become familiar to many, technology advancements closely follow. While hundreds of employees used to manually run a factory, the majority of the hard work is now done by machines, also known as artificial labor. This change has affected business owners positively, thus allowing for new positions to help run the technology and to ensure all is running well. After such advancements were formed in our society, hundreds to thousands of new companies and manufacturing plants have been built, resulting in a major increase of available jobs to the middle class, which currently, the majority of United States citizens currently occupy. Recently, IBM teamed up with Corporate Service Corps (CSC) in order to send 30 volunteers out into different countries to work on technology-related assistance, such as distance learning programs, and upgraded laser eye treatments. The fact that advanced technology can help to save millions of lives has been one of the biggest reasons for such a large demand. IBM plan to take on several projects in different countries such as India, Brazil, China, Egypt, Ghana, and more. A total of 12 teams will go into each of those countries and successfully complete the projects for better technology-based education and eye treatments, which will cost approximately $250,000 each, all paid for by IBM. The overall project has not only opened up new opportunities for those willing to add this adventurous project to their resume, but it’s also reaching out to communities in dire need, something that the latest technology has allowed to be done. Furthermore, technology has been able to expedite the process of sending aid to places I need more quickly and efficiently with the release of new features to currently existing pieces of technology, as well as software applications. Renowned author Sarah Murray explains, â€Å"When a huge earthquake hit Haiti in 2010, the addition of Haitian Creole spoken by 8m people in that country to Microsofts online translation engine, which was achieved in just five days, helped humanitarian workers who needed to be able to translate quickly. Something as simple as an online translation system, a piece of virtual technology, was able to help save thousands to millions of lives in Haiti. One of the biggest issues in aid relief is the language and unfamiliar surrounding barrier, which Microsoft has been able to defeat with the use of several applications. The company has been closely working with skilled programmers to create certain software which allow for a variety of functions, such as Twisted Pair Wave software, which allows humanitarian professionals to keep in contact with one another from any device by keeping connected to one specific network. Relief workers can then locate others in the area by sending a ping signal to the network, which helps when in an entirely new environment and unsure of the native language. Technology continues to save the lives of many, by creating jobs that allow people to continue and support their family, as well as being able to provide support for those in a life-or-death situation when it comes down to the essentials such as food, water, and housing. Some fortunate people fail to realize how difficult it really is to obtain such aid. While technology has helped to eradicate useless jobs and help to decrease labor costs, it has resulted in the creation new useful jobs, such as manufacturing the actual technology to be used in a computer, and a computer specialist field that help to put the newly-made computers to use. Thus, if a job is able to be taken over by a machine that is incapable of independent thought, the job may be less suitable for a human being. While ATMs have replaced bank-tellers, we now have newly found jobs which focus on repairing, and manufacturing the ATM machines; it works like a two-edged sword.

Utilitarianism Today Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Today Essay Jurisprudence as we know it is an offshoot of philosophy and more precisely the philosophy that deals with questions of law. When one speaks of jurisprudence there are many theories, calculated analysis and profound philosophies which try, in each its own way, to guide the law as well as us in the end. Utilitarianism is one of them. The original concept of utilitarianism is simple which is, ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’, as utilitarianism’s best-known advocate, Jeremy Bentham, puts it. Stopping there however would not be doing justice to his theory. Bentham goes on to explain that, for every question whereby we judge whether an act is good or bad, the criterion to answer would be by its consequence. This consequence is taken in regard to the effect that particular act would have on human pleasure and pain, the two ‘sovereign masters that govern mankind’. Bentham was a man of numbers and to him, good government needs numbers. The importance of numbers to him is indisputable and if anything his propositions were almost always quantitative in nature. Going back to the pleasure and pains idea, Bentham proposed an elaborate and rather thorough guide to analyzing them. For this, he devised a list of pleasures including pleasures of wealth, power, skill and memories among others as well as a list of pains such as pains of regret, disappointment, enmity and awkwardness to name a few. All in all, Bentham lists a total of fourteen pleasures and twelve pains. The value or degree by which a pleasure or a pain is to be measured posed a problem and so Bentham also devised a calculus in which he takes into account seven factors that is, intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity and extent. John Stuart Mill, another prominent utilitarian, rejected Bentham’s view that all pleasures were to count the same. He argued that differing people would have been brought up in varying manners and as such the appreciation of certain pleasures would greatly differ from one person to another. Also, Bentham’s own definition at the time was to apply the test of utility to private acts as well as public measures but was limited to ‘acts’. It would only be years later that other philosophers would draw a distinction between what we now call ‘act-utilitarianism’ and ‘rule-utilitarianism’. Put simply, act-utilitarianism concerns itself with acts that consequently have the highest net happiness whereas rule-utilitarianism applies where an act is permitted by a general rule whereby following that rule would have the best outcome. John Austin, the well known jurisprudence philosopher, strongly believed that the test of utility should apply to rules. Today, utilitarianism can be used in almost every aspect of our daily lives, whether it be our daily decision making, public policy by governing bodies or simple moral questions we would usually turn to religion for. As can be seen, the test of utility does not discriminate in where it’s applied, merely in how it is used that is, whether to apply it upon the rule or the act. It is no surprise then that the subsequent result of two different applications will lead to distinctively different conclusions. To exemplify how the utility test works and how different conclusions can be made one shall look at the famous Iran-Contra affair and in particular Oliver North’s assessment of the facts at hand and how he reaches his conclusion. In the 1980s, when asked why he had lied to congress regarding his role in the aforementioned affair, North said, â€Å"lying does not come easily to me. But we all had to weigh in the balance the difference between lies and lives†. Here, the ‘good’ decision according to North would have been to lie about certain facts to save others from possible harm. In his mind this was probably the act that would have maximised pleasure and minimised pain by the greatest extent and therefore judged it to be the best course of action. Applying the test on a rule in this case might have led to a different outcome. If, for example, ‘always tell the truth’ was the general rule by which the test concludes to be the best consequence, it may prove to lead North to a different decision in this case. This, however, depends on which rule one wishes to follow. Had the rule been ‘always protect lives’ then North may as well answer in the same manner. The difficulty here lies in which test (act or rule) to use and how to apply it. The news piece that one has chosen, entitled ‘Government to measure people’s happiness’, talks about the British Government’s attempt at measuring the happiness of UK citizens. The reason behind the move, the article reads, is to track the nation’s progress apart from the usual yardstick that is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The article also mentions Jo Swinson, a Liberal Democrat MP and probable utilitarian, as saying â€Å"what gets measured gets done. While its not governments job to make people happy, regular measures of wellbeing will at least make sure it is taken into account†. Statically monitoring the people’s happiness by way of a national survey can be likened to Bentham’s plea for the foundation of a statistical-gathering society to compile facts, as factual information about actual state of affairs will support rational and informed decision making. It is no surprise Bentham wished to propose this as he was an advocate of official criminal statistics which he maintained would be ‘a measure of excellent use in furnishing data for the legislator to go to work upon. ’ Using numbers to evaluate the health of a nation’s citizens is not uncommon or unheard of as, stated beforehand, GDP used to be yardstick. However, in the current state of affairs Britain finds itself in, perhaps it is time to turn to a different set of numbers. Many, if not most, countries use their national statistics on GDP as the focal point for policy decisions and measurement of welfare. Despite this, Treasury minister Angela Eagle who has long been accustomed to analysing GDP and working in the pursuit of economic stability using such data, conceded herself that, although not completely ditching the traditional form, a happiness index would be ‘useful for policy making’. When comparing the use of the wellbeing index as opposed to the GDP, one looks at it from a financial standpoint and in particular, given regard to wealth, opportunity and welfare on questions of distribution. How should it be distributed? According to need, ensuring equality or maybe in accordance with merit? A long standing argument is that utilitarianism does not even consider these factors and on top of that shows no concern whatsoever with how it should be distributed. The utilitarian in this context would look only at achieving the goal of maximising welfare with how much there is in total. For example, given two societies, A and B, with A having a highly imbalanced distribution of welfare but an overall higher total of welfare than B which happens to have exact equal distribution, the utilitarian would point to A to be regarded as the more morally preferable society. Nigel Simmonds, a noted reader in jurisprudence, states that it would be a mistake to conclude that since the distribution does not concern the utilitarian, it does not mean that the question of how wealth, resources and opportunities is ignored. The argument for that would be that a more equal allocation of wealth, opportunity and resources is desirable because it would eventually lead to maximisation of welfare and happiness. Put simply, if one gives a pound to a millionaire it would make for a negligible contribution to his overall welfare. Give that same pound to a poor man for him to use, for instance to purchase a meal he would otherwise not be able to pay for, it would be a significant contribution to his welfare. Insofar as the distribution of wealth, opportunity and resources is concerned, the aim in this instance is for the utilitarian to seek the maximisation of welfare by way of equality. Using the wellbeing index in a way that could enable the government to pinpoint where certain communities are happy and unhappy can help legislators and policy-makers take necessary steps to promote the nation’s state of welfare. Funds could be better allocated towards communities that are in more need of an increase in welfare and happiness by providing facilities, education, healthcare and the like in the right areas While on the topic of economic welfare with regard to utilitarianism, one wishes to mention the economic analysis of law, a principle that has its roots in Bentham’s theory. Since the felicific calculus of the utility test is a difficult one to apply, as one cannot be certain of people’s reaction to alternative measures, the difference here lies in making simple assumptions on human behaviour. The assumption to be adopted here is that mankind will rationally maximise his satisfactions or pleasure. Accordingly, this entire theory uses this premise to achieve, by its definition, what one wishes and what one is willing to pay for that. Payment here is not taken in the strictest sense of monetary terms but can include time and effort. The theory takes on a dynamic principle that this payment is the medium by which a hypothetical market of happiness can be run. Between two individuals, it is easy to demonstrate how this would work. If Adam wishes to run his laundry business all day long without closing shop, and Gary wishes for silence in the night, each would offer a monetary value for either privilege. If Adam’s payment is greater than Gary’s satisfactions are maximised by allowing him to run his overnight business. Economic analysis calls this the ‘efficient’ solution and the most obvious difference with utility is where greatest happiness of the greatest number is replaced by overall efficiency. This movement, primarily attempted in the United States, was first applied to specific areas in law for example anti-trust legislation and nuisance laws. Richard Posner, in his book, Economic Analysis of Law, explains that he believes to have found a more systematic application of this approach which he claims can explain why many of the legal rules and institutions that exist are as they are and also inherent implications for how the law should be improved. This however, leads one to believe that economic analysis of the law concerns itself primarily with maximising economic criteria, begging the question, is this the highest ideal one would want for society? It takes a U-turn on the very basis by which the government had wished to evaluate happiness instead of relying on GDP as a measure of public wellbeing. Even the UKs National Statistician, Jil Matheson, who will oversee the happiness measurement, said: there is growing international recognition that to measure national well-being and progress there is a need to develop a more comprehensive view, rather than focusing solely on gross domestic product. † If the Judiciary were to use this wellbeing index in reference to adjudication, would that infringe on the established practice of judicial independence? One would point out that public opinion is a matter for which the courts do take into consideration when a case of great public interest is in question. The very notion that judges would look into these statistical analysis of numbered data seems highly implausible. The judiciary as we know it preserves the doctrine of separation of powers. This holds that the laws they would apply and uphold cannot be changed whatsoever without the proper due process of parliamentary approval. With regard to those highly publicised cases, a judge today cannot merely change the course of the law due to social pressure even if would produce the greatest net happiness. However, if a judge were to be utilitarian in nature, as one is sure there is at least a single judge of that calibre, he or she might apply a rule that passes the utility test which would state â€Å"judge according to the greatest net happiness† and as such that rule could undermine all other factors including upholding parliamentary legislation. If the same judge were to follow a rule stating â€Å"always follow the letter of the law† the same conclusion as if the other did not exist would apply as always following the law would pass the test as generally being the best solution to achieving the greatest happiness. One would now like to delve into the topic of rights with regard to utilitarianism in the light of the government’s wellbeing index plans. Human rights has been a major concern since the atrocities of the first and second World Wars. Most nations have adopted or are a signatory or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In order to understand utilitarianism’s concept of rights, it is best to leave alone the notion of ‘moral rights’ as it is fundamentally opposed within the theory. Given the example of two conflicting interests in rights, whatever means one would employ would still lead to the same conclusion where one gains and the other loses. As mentioned before, utilitarianism would guide us to act in a way that would produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number and in doing so would find the best possible balance to ensure the net outcome is highest. One refers back to the infamous London riots of mid-2011 where police had a difficult time controlling the crowds. In this instance, the police would have had in mind the rights of the law-breakers and in turn led to minimal crowd control which unfortunately spilled over and caused massive collateral damage. Had the test of utility been applied, officers of the force may have come to a conclusion that infringing a few citizens’ rights will save shops and business from the damage that they eventually incurred. Monmouth MP Mr Davies said that we have to decide where our priorities lie. Is it with the police in trying to maintain law and order? Or does it lie with the human rights of those who break the law? †. One could say the test of utility applied here might have concluded that the former would be the answer to maximising overall happiness of society that day taking into account the welfare of the shop owners and other victims of this tragedy. Or perhaps had the wellbeing index been formulated earlier and the government had helped to alleviate the pains of those who turned to rioting, none of it would have happened. That however, is a purely hypothetical analysis. With every applied theory comes the good and the bad, the success or failure to accommodate all aspects of governance and the uncertain impact it can have on society as a whole. Utilitarianism brings about a change in mindset and approach to dealing with today’s issues but it does come with the risk of failing to protect the most vulnerable members of society. A report has sparked some debate across the Atlantic over the issue of special education funding in Kansas, USA, where budget cuts amounting to over twenty million US dollars are being contemplated. This is no isolated incident however, as a Christian activist group points out that even with the appropriate budget, schools are ever increasing the channelling of those funds to other departments instead of the purpose it was allocated for. In this incident, Broward County in Florida used eighteen million dollars of its special education budget to save around seven hundred jobs which had no relation to special education. It is without a doubt a utilitarian process of maximising overall happiness but it did come with a cost. The losers in this case were the children in need of special education in the first place. It is a difficult time for the economy and budget cuts are to be expected but this highlights the problem inherent within utilitarianism. If you are one of the losers to this policy, then that is the way the cookie crumbles. Unfortunately it was a segment of society that already is vulnerable. Additionally, utilitarianism can lead to injustice and breach of established human rights, that is the right against unlawful detention. Imagine a nation duped by its own government, propagandised to fear and hate and in turn direct those feelings towards a certain legislation that purportedly helps fight terrorism but instead merely gives powers to the state to detain and interrogate terror suspects without due consideration towards his or her human rights. One might think of the US and its anti terror campaign and acknowledge the fact that Guantanamo Bay is not just a movie. A government, using any means necessary, has the potential to manipulate its people into believing that in order to be secure and protected must pass into law some draconian legislation. If people do believe so, a nationwide survey on happiness might conclude that citizens will only be happy if their need to feel said security is fulfilled and the test can succeed if the circumstances are right. If one were to disbelieve such a notion, this idea has indeed been materialised in North Korea where an entire nation is fed news and reports directly aimed to instil a variety of ideas in its people. Of course, it is largely hypothetical but at the same time utilitarianism is not a known and practiced doctrine worldwide and this uncertainty is precautionary in nature. Is utilitarianism the way to go? Has the British government taken the right steps and the right precautions in ensuring a wellbeing index will not be put to use in a negative way? Some critics of the move have instead shown a distinct unhappiness over the issue. Some are calling for the test to be used on itself as to whether it will produce the greatest happiness if used at all. If possible, it would be a fresh undertaking for law-makers to change their mindset on ethical or moral grounds. Alan Coddington, author, spoke of replacing traditional questions of â€Å"should it be done? † and â€Å"is that right? † with â€Å"what would be the totalled up sum of happiness if this is done? †. A wellbeing index does indeed sound like a good idea and one that might help ease the financial instability that Britain currently faces. It could lead to never before known facts and statistics that may trigger the government into acting in the interest of the people to ensure the greatest happiness from the greatest number, in this regard, of Britons. [ 1 ]. Jeremy Bentham, A Fragment on Government, (1776) [ 2 ]. JG Riddal, Jurisprudence, (2nd edn Oxford Press 2006) 154 [ 3 ]. M Freeman, R Harrison, Law and Philosophy Current Legal Issues, (vol 10 2007) 304 [ 4 ]. JW Harris, Legal Philosophies, (Butterworths 1980) 36 [ 5 ]. Harris, (n4) 39 [ 6 ]. Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer, ‘Calculating Consequence: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics’ (1989) Issues in Ethics Vol 2 accessed 4th Jan 2012 [ 7 ]. BBC News, Government planning to measure peoples happiness (2010) accessed 26th Dec 2011 [ 8 ]. M Freeman, R Harrison, Law and Philosophy Current Legal Issues, (Oxford Press ,vol 10, 2007) 304 [ 9 ]. J Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham (Simpkin, Marshal and Co, 1843) 29 [ 10 ]. B Wheeler,’ Crunch Time for Happy Talk’, (BBC News 9th Oct 2008) http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7657465. stm accessed 2nd Jan 2012 [ 11 ]. NE Simmonds, Central Issues In Jurisprudence, (Sweet and Maxwell ,3rd edn, 2008) 29 [ 12 ]. Simmonds (n 11) 30 [ 13 ]. Harris (n4) 42 [ 14 ]. BBC News (n7) [ 15 ]. D Meyerson, Understanding Jurisprudence, (Routledge Cavandish, 2007) 119 [ 16 ]. Daily Record, ‘London riots: Human rights laws have made police sitting ducks’ accessed 9th Jan 2012 [ 17 ]. The Winfield Daily, ‘Let Senate Prevail on Special Ed Funding, (18th Feb 2011) accessed 7th Jan 2012 [ 18 ]. Chuck Colsen, ‘Shorting Special Needs: Utilitarianism and Budget

Royal Proclamation of 1763 Impact

Royal Proclamation of 1763 Impact Discuss: How Royal Proclamation of 1763 played a bigger role in developing a multicultural society in Canada? To discuss this topic, first we need to understand what Royal Proclamation of 1763 was and how it helped to shape the multiculturalism and diversity in Canada. With the end of the war with France, Britain tried to extend its control over the colonies of North America. Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the hostility between British Empire and France. By the end of the war Britain had emerged to be more powerful. After the defeat of the French and their Indian allies by Britain, all the land came under the direct control of British Empire. Britain was victorious, but a lot of money was spend on this war and claimed many lives. In order to gain the complete control over the land and to avoid the further conflicts with the Native people, King George III declared The Royal Proclamation of 1763. Under this proclamation no colonial settlers were allowed to cross the Appalachians Mountains into the Indian Territory. It also stated that Indians wont be bothered on the Western side of the mountains and all settlers will remain strictly on Eastern side. Those settlers who have already settled on Western side were ordered to move back to safety on Eastern side. In order to keep the new borders safe Britain deployed additional troops in these areas. The Native Americans who were living in the Great Lakes region didnt like British very much, because before this they were dealing with the France and were in a very good relationship with them. The French had created a gift culture and British crushed it immediately after winning the war. This dislike for British, broke a rebellion in 1763 known as Pontiacs rebellion. This rebellion was led by Obwandiyag who was the leader of Aboriginal Nations. Obwandiyag was famously known as Pontiac hence the name of this revolution. Under this Proclamation Royal British Empire labelled and marked the land. All the land that was on the West of the eastern Continental Divide, along the Appalachians Mountains became Indian Reserve. There was this royal monopoly under which no more sale of Native American land was allowed. This also restricted the deals of Colonies with Native Americans. Now all the deals had to go through the British Royals. The Colonist, on other hand, felt that they also lost their autonomy and self-rule under this Royal Proclamation which later turned into another revolution. The Proclamation of 1763 can be summed up into four main points: It was labeling of the land. It drew an imaginary line along the Appalachian Mountains and marked the new line of control. Colonists were not allowed to settle on the west side of this line. People that already were living there were supposed to move towards to east. The land for Native American was defined (Indian Reserve). This control line and labeling of the land acted like a buffer zone for the Britain. It settled the conflicts of the Native Americans and Colonies, but it was costing a great fortune. Effects: It was making colonist angry, as they were losing autonomy / self-rule. It was one of the main causes of American Revolution of 1775. There was a lack of proper administration of the new land. Many Native Americans and indigenous people in Canada -the First Nations attribute their right of autonomy to this proclamation. Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, actually points out Proclamation of 1763. Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790 also put a ban on trading and settlement in Native American lands. Role of Proclamation of 1763 in developing a multicultural society in Canada Proclamation of 1763 is considered the basis of the legislative policies of Canadian constitution that guarantees that all the citizens are equal. Multiculturalism and diversity which are the basic strength of this country are also the direct result of this Royal Proclamation. This was the first time that Aboriginal rights were reserved with respect to their land. Multicultural Nations and tribes of Indians were protected under the law. Many people from time to time have proclaimed that the Royal Proclamation was of no legal importance to elaborate the Aboriginal rights. However, in 1973 Supreme Court Judge Emmett Hall ruled it out. He maintained that the Nisgaa Nation has territorial rights and the British Columbia falls under the Royal Proclamation. This judgment made it firm that large area of land of Canada which includes Yukon, parts of Quebec, the Eastern Arctic and Maritime Provinces fall under this Royal Proclamation. So according to me the Royal Proclamation of 1763 has played a bigger role to shape the present day diversity of this nation, which is its strength. It paved the way for many nations to settle down under one law in harmony with peace, love and respect.

Gawain, noble or naïve? Essay -- Essays Papers

Gawain, noble or naà ¯ve? Gawain, nephew of the famed Arthur of the Round Table, is depicted as the most noble of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nonetheless, he is not without fault or demerit, and is certainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is torn between his knightly edicts, his courtly obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most evident in his failure of the tests posed by the wicked Morgan le Fay. With devious tests of temptation and courage, Morgan is able to create a mockery of the courtly and knightly ideal, through Gawain's failure of these tests. By satirizing the effects of Gawain's inner conflicts, the unnamed Gawain poet reveals that even the best of men are innately selfish and subject to thoughts reprehensible to the chivalrous code. In order to satirize Gawain's courtly ways, the poet must first convey a sense of chivalric quintessence in Gawain toward the reader, only to later mock that sense of perfection with failure. This quintessence is created in part through the diction used to describe Gawain throughout the poem. He is described as "noble" and "goodly" on more than one occasion, giving the reader a positive perception of the poem's hero (405, 685). This sublime view of Gawain is further substantiated by his noble acceptance of the Green Knight's beheading game, in order to "release the king outright" from his obligation (365). Even among famed knights such as Yvain and Agravain, both worthy of exaltation, Gawain was the first to accept the Green Knight's terms. His acceptance of the beheading game when no other knight would allows the reader to assume that Gawain represents the most noble of Arthur's court. Lastly, even the... ...mocks Arthur's court and his so-called honor, and is in concordance with Morgan le Fay's plan to make a fool out of Arthur and his knights. Although Gawain's actions are not chivalrous and makes the court appear foolish, he learns a lesson from his actions. He realizes the disgrace in his actions, calling his own heart "cowardly and covetous" (2374). By taking responsibility for his actions, Gawain allows the reader to forgive him. This forgiveness is allowed because the conflicts within Gawain force him into situations that will result in unavoidable disaster. By showing the reader that even the best of knights is not perfect, the poet reveals that the balance between knightly morals, courtliness, and thoughts of selfishness is able to be breached. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. by Marie Borroff. London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1967. Gawain, noble or naà ¯ve? Essay -- Essays Papers Gawain, noble or naà ¯ve? Gawain, nephew of the famed Arthur of the Round Table, is depicted as the most noble of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nonetheless, he is not without fault or demerit, and is certainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is torn between his knightly edicts, his courtly obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most evident in his failure of the tests posed by the wicked Morgan le Fay. With devious tests of temptation and courage, Morgan is able to create a mockery of the courtly and knightly ideal, through Gawain's failure of these tests. By satirizing the effects of Gawain's inner conflicts, the unnamed Gawain poet reveals that even the best of men are innately selfish and subject to thoughts reprehensible to the chivalrous code. In order to satirize Gawain's courtly ways, the poet must first convey a sense of chivalric quintessence in Gawain toward the reader, only to later mock that sense of perfection with failure. This quintessence is created in part through the diction used to describe Gawain throughout the poem. He is described as "noble" and "goodly" on more than one occasion, giving the reader a positive perception of the poem's hero (405, 685). This sublime view of Gawain is further substantiated by his noble acceptance of the Green Knight's beheading game, in order to "release the king outright" from his obligation (365). Even among famed knights such as Yvain and Agravain, both worthy of exaltation, Gawain was the first to accept the Green Knight's terms. His acceptance of the beheading game when no other knight would allows the reader to assume that Gawain represents the most noble of Arthur's court. Lastly, even the... ...mocks Arthur's court and his so-called honor, and is in concordance with Morgan le Fay's plan to make a fool out of Arthur and his knights. Although Gawain's actions are not chivalrous and makes the court appear foolish, he learns a lesson from his actions. He realizes the disgrace in his actions, calling his own heart "cowardly and covetous" (2374). By taking responsibility for his actions, Gawain allows the reader to forgive him. This forgiveness is allowed because the conflicts within Gawain force him into situations that will result in unavoidable disaster. By showing the reader that even the best of knights is not perfect, the poet reveals that the balance between knightly morals, courtliness, and thoughts of selfishness is able to be breached. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. by Marie Borroff. London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1967.

Pirates terror of the high seas :: essays research papers

I. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Argggggghhhhhhhhh!!!!!!! Ahoy me mates and welcome to the world of pirates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. through the next few minutes I will be informing ye about pirates and their rage on the high seas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. We will be talking about pirates, their ships, weapons, and a few famous ones at that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D. I myself have been interested in pirates since I was a wee lad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Ships   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Galleon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"The Spanish Galleon was the great prize ship for pirates.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (History of Pirates)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Spanish armada used these ships to export gold from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Weight of cannons was concentrated to center part of the ship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Used for stability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Meant to cross the Atlantic in large convoys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Sloop   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"The ancestors of the modern yacht.† (History of Pirates)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Favored among pirates because of its agility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Pirates relied on bluff and surprise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Pirates of the Caribbean used these ships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Best sloops were built in Bermuda and Jamaica.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Men-O-War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. Ship Of the Line   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. â€Å"Main battle ship of a Navy†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Largest of Men-O-War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Carried between 32 to 144 guns.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Frigate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. â€Å"Was the midsized Man-O-War†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Had three masts but was conciderable smaller than the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ship Of the Line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Had one gun deck, but kept other cannons on the spare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   deck.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Corvette   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. â€Å"sometimes called a ‘sloop of war’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. had her guns arranged on a single deck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. had the ability to maneuver easily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Now we must cover the terror they unleashed with their weapons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Weapons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Cutlass   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"A rough heavy broad blade† (History of Pirates 107)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Shortness of the blade was an advantage when fighting aboard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a ship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Was a great hacking weapon due to its curved blade and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   heaviness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. Was often used as a tool as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Blunderbuss/pistols   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"more like a hand-held cannon then a rifle†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (History of Pirates 113)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Ranged in length from about 14 to 30 inches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. When used in close range it could kill about seven people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. â€Å"Pirates prized pistols above all other weapons†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (History of Pirates 115)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. Pirates used to carry several pistols hanging on a sash into battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  f. they were usually loaded from the barrel of the gun with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   prepared shoot powder and bullets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Cannons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. ranged in different sizes by being called pounders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. could range from 2 to 32 pounders on board a ship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. swivel guns were mounted on the poop deck to stop boarders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. the main cannons were mounted on rolling carts and strapped

The History of the Coffeehouse :: essays research papers

The first coffeehouse the world had ever seen was founded in Constantinople, just becoming Istanbul in 1475. It was such a huge success that right after it opened, two more appeared. So began a fascination with coffee that would last 300 more years. The reason the first coffeehouse did not open in, say, England, was location. Since Turkey was only a quick sail away from the original brewer of coffee, Arabia, traders could get the coffee to the city with minimal effort. The Europeans were completely out of the coffee trading loop until coffee began to make it’s way into the hands of Venetian traders, leading the Italians to be the first Europeans to found coffeehouses. Slowly, coffeehouses came to open in England as well, the first opening in 1652. However, there was still the problem of transporting all that coffee from Turkey or the Middle East, a costly business. This problem was solved when the Turks, defeated in battle, left sacks upon sacks of the flavorful beans behind i n parts of Europe. This created an abundance of coffee houses in Vienna, where there was large amounts of this left-behind coffee. Eventually, the storehouses began to run low on coffee, now very much in demand with the Europeans. You may be wondering, why didn’t they just grow some coffee? First of all, the merchants who sold the beans knew this, and sold the beans in non growing conditions (such as already ground up.) Secondly, people did try to grow coffee- but on European soil, the beans that were usable floundered and died. If they managed to get usable coffee beans at all, (it was illegal to get them) you wouldn’t have nearly enough to support even the smallest coffeehouse for a week. The Dutch trading companies knew all this, but they came up with a new, radical notion- why not get some beans, but grow them not in Europe but in the East Indies! So the Dutch smuggled a small amount of un ground or processed coffee beans out of the Arabian port of Mocha, then shipped them to Ceylon and the East Indies for cultivation. 30 years later, a French naval officer named Gabriel De Clieu sailed for the Caribbean island of Martinique. When he arrived, he happened to be carrying some un cultivated coff ee beans. (We’ll never know how those got there.) He casually sold it to the locals, unwittingly starting one of the world’s largest coffee producers.

Higher Education Ensures Better Life Essay

1.what state exams do school-leavers choose most often in (CITY) ? 2.what are the best ways to prepare for examinations?how are you going to do it? 3.do you think that exams motivate students to study?why? 4.higher education ensures better life. these days is very important to gain secondary education. it’s not only develops your mentality,but and broadens your perspective. In (CITY) the school-leaver are preparing for exams. Lithuania’s main exam is the first language exam. this first language exam Is difficult and takes a lot of energy. a lot of studying people are fail this test. so, the school-leaver are studying very hard and much when to finish the tests with a good marks. If you want are finishing the exam with good marks, you have to concentrate on what you don’t know something and are progressing what you don’t know, at the moment. also, calm down, learn little by little, ask the teachers, they always helps you and of course, you should believe what you do. I think that examinations motivate you to learn more.but also, use to a lot of nerve, efforts and energy. school-leaver gets a lot of stress, exhaustion. I think that can facilitate exams and everyone would be happy. higher education ensures better life.Nowadays, higher education is important thing in better life when the person finishes final exams.the person will be able to better job with a good qualification. also, the person who has higher education, has higher intellect level. So, higher education is important. everyone has to learn and finish at school.

Buying decision process for a house Essay

The consumer decision making process involves following five stages – 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternatives 4. Purchase decision 5. Post-purchase behavior Problem recognition – With my shifting from India, for the purpose of studies and being with my son and daughter-in-law, and also imminent birth of my grandkid, the present rented apartment of two bed room is likely to be too congested for all of us. This factor along with betterment of my son`s financial affordability to own a house, led us to conclude that we needed a bigger independent, single family house in a good neighborhood. Information search – a. Search for good neighborhood – criteria – towns having good schools in the vicinity of dental business of son. Search based on the opinion of friends and relatives (personal) and online search (commercial). b. Having finalized a few towns, other search criteria for searching appropriate house were used which included size of the house, condition of house and age of the house, and budget, in the selected towns. Again the sources of information were real estate websites, such as Zillow, leading to brokers (one of them was selected based on reviews of his/her services) and independent search. Having failed to locate existing house of our choice, we started looking for another option. c. The next option was constructing a house in a selected locality through a builder contractor. The contractor was again finalized on the basis of online reviews regarding contractor’s quality of construction and fairness in dealings. The contractor suggested a few sites (consideration set). One of them was selected (decision stage) on the basis of location, vastu shashtra, the science of architecture and construction. d. Next stage was selection of type and design of house based on the availability of funds. For funds banks were approached for pre-approval, according to our need. Having decided the budget for the house, contractor’s proposals for few designs and facilities in the proposed house (consideration set) were examined. Evaluation and alternatives – This stage was used three times in the process – 1. When already constructed houses were considered, evaluations of different houses shown by the agent led to rejection of all the proposals. 2. Evaluation of various sites, led to selection of one of the sites based on vastu shashtra (beliefs) and location. 3. Evaluation of various designs proposed by the builder contractor, led to selection of a design depending on our budget, facilities, and requirements/expectations. Purchase decision – The final selection (purchase decision) was made on the factors listed above as well as on the opinion of the family, through joint consultations. Bank loan approvals, on the basis of design, estimate submitted by the contractor and credit history of the borrower, were obtained. The contractor started construction with necessary inputs from us from time to time as the construction progressed. Post-purchase use – We are delighted at the pace of construction, timely completion and quality. We recommend the contractor to our friends. The various stages of purchase decisions were used in various sub-purchases, such as kitchen appliances, kitchen cabinets and countertops, electric fixtures, tiles and carpets, sprinkler system, etc.

The Insurable Interest Doctrine- Indian Perspective

DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY ______________________________________________________________________________ The Insurable Interest Doctrine __________________________________________________________________ Name: Sukriti Guha Roll No. : 142 Semester: VIIIth Class: B. A. , LL. B. (Hons. ) Subject: Insurance Law Submitted to: Ms.Aparna Singh TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Can there be any valid insurance agreement without insurable interest? III. Creation of insurable interest IV. Wager and insurance V. Types of insurable interest VI. Time or duration of insurable interest VII. Insurable interest vis-a-vis life insurance contract VIII. Insurable interest vis-a-vis marine insurance contract IX. Insurable interest vis-a-vis fire insurance contract X. Conclusion Bibliography I. INTRODUCTION The aim of insurance is to shift risk from one person (the insured) to another (the insurers).In insurance contract as a matter of public policy, certain insurable require ments must be met, to make it valid. Insurable interest is one of the basic requirements of the insurance. Without it the insurance contract is a mere wagering agreement. In India it is strange that the Insurance Act 1938 does not contain a definition of insurable interest. The only section, namely section 68, which makes a passing reference to the words ‘insurable interest’ stands repeated by section 48 of The Insurance Amendment Act 1950.Briefly stated there is no legislative guidance in Indian law on the subject but still marine insurance defines under section 7 of the marine insurance act 1963 defines insurable interest. Insurable interest is also defined as a legal right to insure an asset or person. In theory, therefore, nothing more is payable than the amount of actual loss. It follows that unless the assured has a pecuniary interest in the thing insured, no question of loss or indemnity shall arise. A person cannot therefore insure a thing, the loss of which can not cause him any financial loss.A policy of insurance, therefore, is void if the insured has no such pecuniary interest in the subject matter of the insurance. Any person, who would suffer from destruction or loss of a thing, has insurable interest in that thing. The insurable interest must: * Be definite * Be capable of valuation * Be legally valid and subsisting * Involve the loss of legal right * Involve a legal liability II. CAN THERE BE ANY VALID INSURANCE AGREEMENT WITHOUT INSURABLE INTEREST? The existence of insurable interest is an essential ingredient of any insurance contract. It is an important and fundamental principle of insurance.It can be defined as the legal right to insure arising out of a financial relationship recognized under law, between the insured and the subject matter of insurance We find that the meaning of the term insurable interest is liberally interpreted. It is not always the legal interest or a full interest that's required by the courts but it shoul d be such that it would be sufficient if it is recognized by court of law or equity as such interest. The following points may be gathered: 1) The interest should not be a mere sentimental right or interest, for example love and affection alone cannot constitute insurable interest. ) It should be a right in property or a right arising out of a contract in relation to the property. 3) The interest must be pecuniary that is, capable of estimation in terms of money. In other words, the peril must be such that its happening may bring upon the insured an actual or deemed pecuniary loss. Mere disadvantage or inconvenience or mental distress cannot be regarded as an insurable interest but this rule not strictly followed in life insurance cases. 4) The interest must be lawful, that is, it should not be illegal, unlawful, and immoral or opposed to public policy and does not harm any others legal justified claim.In the case of Brahma Dutt v. LIC, one Mukhtar Singh a petty school teacher on sa lary of Rs 20 took a policy for Rs 35,000 on his life making false statements in the proposal and nominated a stranger Brahma Dutt for the policy. The nominee paid the first two quarterly premiums by which time the life insured died. The nominee intimated the insured's death and claimed the sum assured. It was found on evidence that Brahma Dutt had taken the policy without any insurable interest in the life of the deceased for his own benefit and that therefore it was void being a wagering agreement.The Supreme Court in the case of Suraj Mal Ram Niwas Oil Mills (Private) Limited v United India Insurance Company Limited held that the objection of the insurer about the non-disclosure of dispatch of each and every consignment, as pointed by the second surveyor, learned counsel submitted that the said condition has to be understood in the context of the fundamental condition that the insurance cover was intended to secure only the â€Å"insurable interest† of the appellant in the dispatches.It was urged that the appellant had declared only those consignments in which they had an â€Å"insurable interest† as in relation to dispatches which had not been declared, the consignees had desired that their consignments should be dispatched without an insurance cover. In all such cases, the purchasers took the risk of loss to their goods, and hence the appellant had no â€Å"insurable interest† in them, unlike in the consignment in question for which due declaration was made. Reference was made to the decisions of this Court in New India Assurance Co. Ltd v. G. N. Sainani, and New India Assurance Company Limited v.Hira Lal Ramesh Chand , wherein it was held that â€Å"insurable interest† over a property is â€Å"such interest as shall make the loss of the property to cause pecuniary damage to the assured and under this case it will make a damage to the interest of the insured. III. CREATION OF INSURABLE INTEREST There are a number of ways in wh ich insurable interest will arise or can be created. Few main ways are: 1) By Contract -In some contracts a person will agree to be liable for something, which he or she would not ordinarily be liable for. A landlord is normally liable for the maintenance of property he owns rather than the tenants.A lease may, however, make the tenant responsible for the maintenance, repair etc. of the building. Such a contract places the tenant in legally recognized relationship to the building. This gives him an insurable interest, which would not be present if the contract had not been entered into so these kinds of special contractual relationships give arise to the insurable interest on something on which otherwise one does not have any kind of insurable interest. 2) By Common Law – Where the essential elements of insurable interest are automatically present, the same can be described as having arisen at common law.The most straight forward example is ownership. One can own a house, and there is therefore entitlement to insure it equally the common law duty of care which one owes to the other, may give rise to a liability which again is insurable. Like the use or driving of a motor vehicle in a public place is sufficient insurable interest for the purpose of effecting insurance in the favour of the third party. 3) By Statute – Some time an act of parliament will create an insurable interest either by granting some benefit or imposing a duty.While the statute may create insurable interest where none would otherwise exist. There can be some statutes which can restrict liability and thereby also restrict insurable interest. IV. WAGER AND INSURANCE In a contract of wager all the parties do not have any interest in the happening of the event other than the sum. This is what marks the difference between a wagering agreement and a contract of insurance because every contract of insurance requires for its validity the insurable interest. Insurance affected without insurable interest is no more than a wagering agreement and therefore void.Insurable interest means the risk of loss to which the assured is likely to be exposed by the happening of the event assured against. In a wager on the other hand neither party is running any risk of loss except that which is created by the agreement between two or more than two parties. We all also know that wagering is illegal in India and against to the norms of society or in short wagering is against public policy and distinction between a insurance and a wager is this a insurance is properly speaking a contract to indemnify the insured in respect of some interest which he has against perils which he contemplates it will be liable to.In the case of Alamani v. Positive Govt Security Life Insurance Co. , the plaintiff’s husband took a policy of insurance on the life of Mehbub Bi, the wife of a clerk working under him and about a week later got the policy assigned in the favour of the plaintiff, Mehbu b Bi died a month later and the plaintiff as assignee claimed the sum assured and in this case court find that there was no insurable interest present in this case and hence this insurance contract held to be contract of wager and held to be void.V. TYPES OF INSURABLE INTEREST There are basically two types of insurable interest (1) Contractual (2) Statutory. As we have seen in some cases that interest in the subject matter of insurance is required by law itself for the validity of the policy, whether by express statutory law as in the Marine Insurance Act 1906 or as by section 30 of the Indian Contract Act which merely declares that all contracts by way of wager is void. This is the interest required by statue r the statutory shareholder. If this agent is absent, the insurance is illegal or void and no agreement between the parties dispensing with this requirement can be effective. In an action upon such a contract if the insurer does not raise the plea of want of interest neverthel ess the court of its own motion may refuse to enforce the contract. Courts however, lean in favour of the existence of a valid interest as far as possible, so as to render the contract enforceable.It has also been held in some cases that there is nothing illegal about the insurer paying on policy without interest as the objection or want of insurable interest is purely technical and has no real merit as between the insurer and the insured. Let's take a case law in detail that will clear the picture of the difference between these two kinds of insurable interest. In the case Macaura v. Northern Assurance Company, one Macaura insured timber in his estate against fire. He sold timber to a company of which he was the sole substantial shareholder.Thereafter most of the timber was destroyed by fire and he demanded that he should be indemnified. The insurer succeeded in refusing to comply with the demand. The insured had no statutory interest in the assets of the company though too he woul d suffer loss on the company losing its property, nor he had any contractual interest under the policy because he could not prove interest at the time of the loss. Though the insured had no statutory interest the policy was held to be not a wagering contract because even being the sole shareholder he had an interest or better call insurable interest in the property.VI. TIME OR DURATION OF INSURABLE INTEREST The time when the insurable interest must be present varies with the nature of the insurance contracts. The question is whether insurable interest should exist at the time when the contract is formed or should it also continue to exist until it is discharged but as we have seen in life insurance the presence of insurable interest is necessary at the commencement of the policy although it is not necessary afterwards, not even at the time of occurrence of risk.So it should be there in life policies at the time of taking the policy it need not exist at the time when the loss takes p lace or even when the claim is made under the policy. Life insurance contracts are not strictly speaking contracts of indemnity. In fire insurance, it's required both at the commencement of the policy and at the time when the risk occurs. In a sense, therefore it may be said that insurable interest is doubly insisted upon in fire insurance.The insurance interest is necessary at both the times because it is treated as a personal contract and also a contract of indemnity. And even the onus that the fire was intentional is on the insurer and not the insured. In a marine insurance contract the presence of insurable interest is necessary only at the time of the loss. It is immaterial whether he has or does not have any insurable interest at the time when the marine insurance policy was taken. VII.INSURABLE INTEREST vis-a-vis LIFE INSURANCE CONTRACT Life insurance contract is not a contract of indemnity and a person affecting a policy must have an insurable interest in the life to be assu red. In the life insurance policy persons having relationship by marriage (example, husband and wife), blood (example, father and son) or adoption (example, adopted son and his mother), have been recognized as having insurable interest. Few examples of relationship which have insurable interest in the life of other: * Child has the insurable interest in life of parents and vice versa even the illegitimate child. Wife has an insurable interest in the life of husband and vice versa * Debtor has an insurable interest of the life of creditor and vice versa * Master has an insurable interest in the life of servant and vice versa * A company has an insurable interest in the life of manager or director or partners or other employees and vice versa * Husband or wife have a insurable interest in the life of father-in- law or mother in law and vice versa * Insurable interest in the life of grandparents and vice versa * Insurable interest of a person on his own lifeInsurable interest in India need not be confined to a pecuniary interest. Sentimental interest or an interest based on close family relationship may constitute a sufficient insurable interest. The closeness of relationship operates as a protection to the life of the insured and does not place him in the danger of being murdered. But when a person seeks insurance on his own life, the question of insurable interest is immaterial. There can also be no element of wagering, for whatever gain may accrue, will be by his death and that is no gain.No man will gamble on his own life to gain a pyrrhic victory. And if somebody commits suicide to get the benefit of claim for his beneficiary or relatives his claim will not be entertained. VIII. INSURABLE INTEREST VIS-A-VIS MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT Insurable interest is a special requirement of the marine insurance contract and any valid contract of marine insurance can be entered onto by person only if he has insurable interest in the marine adventure. And what is importan t for insurable interest is that: ) There should be a physical object which is exposed to the marine perils 2) The assured must have some legally recognized relationship with that object in consequences of which he benefits by its preservation and is prejudiced by its loss or damage. Few instances which show insurable interest in a marine insurance policy: 1) The insurer under a contract of marine insurance has an insurable interest in his risk which he may re-insure. 2) The lender of money on bottomry or respondentia has an insurable interest in respect of loan . ) The masters of the crew of a ship have insurable interest in their wages. IX. INSURABLE INTEREST vis-a-vis FIRE INSURANCE CONTRACT Few instances of persons who can have insurable interest in any insured property by fire: 1) Owner of the property , joint owner, sole owner, or a farm owning the property 2) Lessor and lessee both have insurable interest on any property 3) The vendor or the purchaser both have the right 4) T he mortgagor and mortgagee 5) Trustees are legal owners and beneficiaries the beneficial owner of the trust property and each can insure it. ) Bailees such as carriers, pawnbrokers or warehouse men are responsible for the safety of the property entrusted in them and so can insure it. X. CONCLUSION To be legally enforceable, all insurance contracts must be supported by an insurable interest. Insurance contracts must be supported by an insurable interest for the following reasons. * To prevent gambling: Insurable interest is necessary to prevent gambling. If insurable interest is not required, the contract would be gambling contract and would be against public interest. For example you can insure the property of another and hope for an early loss.You can similarly insure the life of another person and hope for an early death. These contracts would be gambling contracts and would be against public interest and public policy and so need to be checked and stopped. * To reduce moral hazar d: Insurable interest reduces moral hazard. If insurable interest is not required, a dishonest person could purchase a property's insurance belonging to someone else and then deliberately cause a loss to receive the proceeds; but if the insured stands to lose financially, nothing is gained by causing the loss.Thus moral hazard is reduced. In life insurance, insurable interest requirement reduces the incentive to murder the insured for the purpose of collecting policy claim or anyone can set fire his home to claim the fire insurance claim or one can kill any third person insured by him. * To measure the amount of the insured's loss in property insured: Finally in property insurance insurable interest measures the amount of the insured's loss. Most of the property insurance is contracts of indemnity and the measure of recovery is the insurable interest of the insured.In the event of loss, payment cannot exceed the amount of one's insurable interest as the principle of indemnity shall apply. The object of insurance in such a case is to indemnify the assured to the extent of the commercial value of the thing lost. It follows that unless the assured has a pecuniary interest in the thing insured, no question of loss or indemnity shall arise. A person cannot therefore, insure a thing, the loss of which cannot cause him any financial loss.A policy of insurance therefore is void if the insured has no such pecuniary interest in the subject matter of insurance. Any person who would suffer from the destruction of loss of a thing has insurable interest in that thing. Therefore, we can conclude that an insurable interest is essential for making any insurance agreement a legally binding insurance contract. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Emmett J. Vaughan & Therese Vaughan, Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance (9th Edn. 2003) 2. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal (Ed. , Guide to Practice of General Insurance (Paper No. 11 of I. I. I. ) (Key for Licentiate Examination), (2nd edition, 2011) 3. Centre of Public ations, Handbook on Opening of Insurance Sector – Policy, Regulations, Guidelines and List of Foreign Companies (2011) 4. H. Narayanan, Indian INSURANCE – A Profile (2008) 5. C. L. Tyagi & Madhu Tyagi, Insurance – Law and Practice (2007) 6. India Brand Equity Foundation http://www. ibef. org/ 7. Investopedia