Impact of Digital Technologies on the Creative Industries

Impact of Digital Technologies on the Creative Industries Anna Bonello Discuss the impact of digital technologies on the creative industries, with special focus on one sector. Give at least two example The worldwide blast of digital technologies has had an impact on creativity, innovation and business models found in the creative industries. On the contrary of the 20th century which was known for mass-consumption, the 21st century is highly likely to represent mass-innovation through the introduction of digital tools. In figure 1 below, we can see a representation portraying the effect that digital technologies left on the creative industries. Furthermore we can also analyse the evolving relationship that exists between the producers/ designers and consumers/ user. In this representation we can also see a list of sectors which form part of the creative industries. From this list I am going to focus on filmography and analyse how Digital Technology had an impact upon the Filmmaking Process. (Pinder, 2015) Digital Technology with regards to filmography did not evolve the production process as a whole but rather it evolved in different segments.Therefore in this essay the production process will be refer to as the pre-production, production, post-production, distribution and exhibition of film. Although some might argue that some sectors of the movie industry are dying one should keep in mind that the industry is shifting and moving towards two pillars: higher-quality visual and sensorial experiences in the theatre. (Lhooq, 2012) Pre-Production Before a film is even made, in the pre-production phase, software and packages that help in writing the script of the production, like Final Draft and Movie Magic, prove that digital is also being exploited at such an early stage. Such software are software used to write and format a production so as to be able to reach the level set by the film industry. Such packages has been on the market long before the notion of digital filmmaking came about. Production Digitalcamerasare much like Polaroid cameras in the sense theygive thefacilityto capture images and see themstraightaway. Furthermore, digital technology is also helpful toother departments in filmography such asmake-up and wardrobe. These departments have the ability to capture hundreds of images for later review without the need to rely on expensive and unpredictable Polaroid still. Digital cameras bring about a lot of economic and environmental advantages this is because throughout the whole production of a film the reduction of unused photos is significant. In addition there are other advantages that arise from digital technology over tradition film such as video playback. It is for a fact that digital technology gives filmmakers more flexibility and control over their work.Robert Rodriguez in the article by Corliss states that writers and directors, shoots and cuts their production while managing special effects from their own home. He also admits that he shot his Sin City actors in front a green screen, then, he edited the backgrounds using digital technology. (Corliss, 2006, 38) It is not only the large production houses who are taking advantage of digitaltechnologybut ‘guerrilla filmmakers’ are also making huge advancements in the production of their films. These filmmakers are using to the utmost digital technology so as to produce production similar to the ones of the huge production houses. An example of a guerrilla filmmaker is Perry Ogden, who is the director ‘PaveeLackeen: The Traveller Girl’ (2005). The camera he used was a Sony PD150 camera and made use of digital technology in many ways including the following: Most of his shots were improvised upon 130 hours of MiniDV. He shot his film in continuous long takes. This technique would not have been possible with traditional magazines of film. The film was shot over a period of nine monthsdiscontinuously. Production houses would want to hire crew for a fixed period of time and thus the film would have to be shot continuously over a small period of time. Ogden claims that it was not accidental the image lacked resolution but that he was inspired by AnthonyDodMantle’s work.(Fair, 2006) Another novelty that is emerging is the documentary genre. Many documentaries are taking greater advantage of DV than drama. The box office successes such as ‘Iraq In Fragments’ illustrate the true ability of shooting quickly in difficult locations. Another major advancement in filmography thanks to digital technologies was made when there was the birth of drones. These flying robot cameras represent a huge saving for productions that are seeking images from high in the sky, with a cost as low as one third of the cost of traditional transport like helicopters. (Fair, 2006) Post- Production In the post-production section of filmography digital non-linear editing gave a new aspect to video editing, in much the same way you can edit a word document. This is why post-production was one of the main areas which embraced digital technology. Surely it has impacted the creative control in such a way that a scene can be cut and re-cut continuously without making any damage to the film stock and also without major expenses. Non-linear editing is not the only part that was established but one of the greatest improvements is Computer Generated Image (CGI) effects and animation. In the article by Corliss, Stephan Spielberg is quoted stating that one of the advantages of CGI is that now directors have the ability to follow their imagination. It is because of speed and the economic impact that digital cameras are preferred over traditional cameras. DigitalDistribution New technologies are effecting the distribution of films in a way that nowadays people can view films on portable devices anywhere in the world. Films can be uploaded and watched at the user’s discretion. The user can pay for films and download them off the internet although this advance is also giving the ability for users to download films illegally, free of cost. But although all these improvements in how one can see a film are taking place, the most popular way to view a new film is still the cinema. This might be because of the new equipment that cinemas are investing in so as to give the viewer a true experience.(Anthony, 2012). DigitalProjection As oppose to celluloid prints which are damaged every time they are used for projection and are often ruined after a couple of uses, digital film is transported to the cinema on a hard drivewhich is then uploaded onto the digital projector an could stay there for several weeks. Digital prints have made it possible that new films can be projected at the cinemas around the world mostly at same time because digital prints are cheaper to duplicate than celluloid prints. Another advantage of digital projection is that it can be used for more than one form of entertainment, that is, it can also be used to display sporting events, opera, musical shows and much more. Such showings change the whole meaning of cinema because it could bring different costumers to the cinema.Around 60% of all cinema screens worldwide in 2012 were converted to digital projection from the tradition film. More than half of these cinemas offer 3D projections and by the end of 2015 almost every cinema screen will be digital. Regarding 3D projections there are multiple instances where this sector is still evolving thanks to innovation. An example is the abolishment of the 3D chunky glasses. Thanks toâ€Å"lenticular lens technology†that is, bumpy screens that redirect light to each eye, allows us to process two different images at the same time (the way we do in real life), which gives the perception of depth. A second solution is theâ€Å"parallax barrier†.This technique uses a device which is set right in front aliquid crystal display, to allow it to show astereoscopic imagewithout the need for the viewer to wear3D glasses. Two main companies, Toshiba and Sony has already started working on these 2 technologies and in 2009, Fujifilm released theFujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1digital camera, which features a built-in auto stereoscopic LCD display measuring 2.8 diagonal.(Anon, 2015) Although 4D-cinema is already something in the years it is expected to continue developing. Seats in 4D venues may move during the screening according to the scene being shown. Physical effects such as rain, water, wind and even smell might be simulated in 4D and this is even backed with a special sound system allowing the audience to reach maximum immersion in what is happening on the screen. Whilst in our rapidly changing world we have doubts about what is here to stay, it would be reasonable to say that digital technology is the present and is likely to be present as well in the future. We cannot say how it will evolve, but evolving technologies will without any hesitation continue to make an effect upon the creative industries especially on filmography. References Pinder, M., 2010. How will developments within digital technologies affect the Creative Industries?. [Online] Available at: http://www.mikepinder.co.uk/research/phd-research/195-how-will-developments-within-digital-technologies-affect-the-creative-industries.html [Accessed 28 April 2015]. Lhooq, M., 2012. 9 Mind-Blowing Technologies Changing The Film Industrys Future. [Online] Available at: http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/en_au/blog/9-mind-blowing-technologies-changing-the-film-industry’s-future2 [Accessed 28 April 2015]. Corliss, R., 2006. Can This Man Save The Movies? (Again?). [Online] Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1172229,00.html [Accessed 28 April 2015]. Fair, J., 2006. The Impact of Digital Technology upon the Filmmaking Production Process. [Online] Available at: https://the72project.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/thesis.pdf?session-id=6b8246ad01cd6bba198fa4b51f508a5f [Accessed 28 April 2015]. Anthony, S., 2012. How digital technology is reinventing cinema. [Online] Available at: http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/128963-how-digital-technology-is-reinventing-cinema [Accessed 28 April 2015]. Anon, 2011. Digital Cinema, Distribution and Exhibition. [Online] Available at: http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/digital-cinema-distribution-and-exhibition [Accessed 4 April 2015].

The Changing Function of Victorian Public Parks, 1840-1860 :: European Europe History

The Changing Function of Victorian Public Parks, 1840-1860 Tastefully laid out in grass intersected by broad gravel walks, and planted with a great variety of trees, shrubs and flowers, botanically arranged. The Arboretum, as these gardens are designated, is much frequented, and has already produced a perceptible effect in improving the appearance and demeanour of the working class. J.M. Milton, in reference to The Derby Arboretum, State of Large Towns, 1871 (l)    This mid to late-19th century account of an early Victorian (English) public park illustrates the change of function and transformation of the Victorian public park from its original role as an upper-middle class observatory of Nature to its redefinition as this class' s social observatory of the lower classes. Between the years of 1840 and 1860, the public park's role in the eyes of England' s upper crust changed drastically due to the economic and political structure of Victorian England during this time and J.M. Milton's quote reflects this reality. In the mid-19th century, public parks in England began to emerge in response to a rise in pollution and lack of open space within newly industrialized urban centers in places such as London, Derby, Birmingham, and Manchester.(2) The first public parks were funded by private benefactors who were often times the owners of the factories that created these tainted environments. Influencing this environment-friendly attitude was the increased Victorian interest in the sciences (especially botany) due to nineteenth century contributions of both biologists and writers including the empirical work of Darwin's Origin of Species (1858) and Tennyson's literary work, InMemoriam (1867).(3) Many of these benefactors put money into the development of public walks and parks to give birth to not only a healthier urban setting, though, but also to create a faà §ade that made them appear as altruistic philanthropists who were genuinely concerned with the social welfare of the urban-based factory worke rs who had little or no open space of their own.(4) However, while these upper-middle Victorian philanthropists appeared to provide the working class with the social and health ideals of the upper crust, the public environments that they created did not reflect this universal ideal of integrating the disparate classes together, but rather they were attempts to maintain the isolation and segregation the Victorian upper class desired. The English public park from 1840-1860 provides a physical reflection of this Victorian frame of mind in that it exemplifies one of the grave contradictions that defines the upper-middle class Victorian society which boasts for universality of its ideals for all yet is exclusionary toward the proletariats.

Availability of Drinking Water

INTRODUCTION Drinking water or potable water is water of sufficiently high quality that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry is all of drinking water standard, even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Clean drinking water has yet to be completely recognized as a basic human right. While water plays a vital role in every aspect of life, some do not realize the gravity of the shrinking clean water sources. When unclean water is consumed, it can cause serious illnesses, sometimes leading to death. According to statistics provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), about 1. 1 billion of the world's 6 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water sources. Drinking Water is essential to the survival of all organisms,water has always been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans. Excluding fat, water composes approximately 70% of the human body by mass. It is a crucial component of metabolic processes and serves as a solvent for many bodily solutes. Health authorities have historically suggested at least eight glasses, eight fluid ounces each (168 ml), of water per day (64 fluid ounces, or 1. 89 litres),and the British Dietetic Association recommends 1. 8 litres. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the average adult actually ingests 2. 0 litres per day. 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. Water is available almost everywhere if proper methods are used to get it. Sources where water may be obtained include: ground sources such as groundwater, hyporheic zones and aquifers. precipitation which includes rain, hail, snow, fog, etc. urface water such as rivers, streams, glaciers biological sources such as plants. the sea through desalination Access to safe water can be measured by the number of people who have a reasonable means of getting sufficient water that is safe for drinking. Availability of safe drinking water is an indicator of the health of a country. A developed country will be more efficient in collecting, cleaning and distributing water to consumers. It is a sad fact but is true that ninety percent of urban sewage in the developing world is discharged into rivers and other water bodies. In the developing world, millions of residents lack a source of safe drinking water near their homes. People get safe drinking water from various sources such as household connection, borehole, protected dug well, public standpipe etc. But the Question that arises is : † Does everyone has safe drinking water available? † Availability of drinking water scenario in India is very Bad as compared to other countries like USA, England, China etc. as can be observed from the underlying table: Countries Amount Finland:100% Australia:100% Netherlands:100% Norway:100% Sweden:100% Switzerland:100% United Kingdom:100% United States:100% Russia:99% Bangladesh:97% Albania:97% Egypt:97% Pakistan:90% Nepal:88% Brazil:87% South Africa:86% India:84% A detailed analysis can be seen in the graph shown : Paste this map over here.. http://www. mapsofworld. com/thematic-maps/safe-drinking-water. htm The availability of Drinking Water is hampered and altered depending upon various factors such as, Drinking Water pollution, Wastage, Demand supply ratios, Treatment methods etc. INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER Indian Standards has set various limits over different chemical and physical properties of Water, in order to label it as Safe and Drinking Water, a sample of water, lying in the permissible range set as per IS, is safe for drinking. Following are the IS Specifications for Drinking Water : S. NO. Parameter Requirement desirable Limit Remarks 1. Color 5 May be extended up to 50 if toxic substances are suspected 2. Turbidity 10 May be relaxed up to 25 in the absence of alternate 3. pH 6. 5 to 8. 5 May be relaxed up to 9. 2 in the absence of alternate 4. Total hardness 300 May be extended up to 600 5. Calcium as Ca 75 May be extended up to 200 . Magnesium as Mg 30 May be extended up to 100 7. Copper as Cu 0. 05 May be relaxed up to 1. 5 8. Iron 0. 3 May be extended up to1 9. Manganese 0. 1 May be extended up to0. 5 10. Chlorides 250 May be extended up to1000 11. Sulphates 150 May be extended up to 400 12. Nitrates 45 No relaxation 13. Fluoride 0. 6 to 1. 2 If the limit is below 0. 6, wa ter should Be rejected, Max. Limit is extended to 1. 5 14. Phenols 0. 001 May be relaxed up to 0. 002 15. Mercury 0. 001 No relaxation 16. Cadmium 0. 01 No relaxation 17. Selenium 0. 01 No relaxation 18. Arsenic 0. 05 No relaxation 19. Cyanide 0. 05 No relaxation 20. Lead 0. 1 No relaxation 21. Zinc 5. 0 May be relaxed up to 10. 0 22. Anionic detergents (MBAS) 0. 2 May be relaxed up to 1 23. Chromium 0. 05 No relaxation 24. Poly nuclear aromatic Hydrocarbons — — 25. Mineral oil 0. 01 May be relaxed up to 0. 03 26. Residual free chlorine 0. 2 Applicable only when water is chlorinated 27. Pesticides Absent — 28. Radioactive — — REQUIREMENT V/s. AVAILABILITY Water. If you've got it, you probably take it for granted. But a quick scan of the globe — and a chat with the tiny group of researchers who are obsessed by fresh water — both indicate that water shortages are looming. And they aren't necessarily in the future, either. You don't miss your water, an old blues sage wisely said, 'til your well runs dry. Down here on planet Earth, the well is starting to run dry. We've seen projections that three billion people — half of today's population — will be short of water in 2025. The Earth has a finite supply of fresh water, stored in aquifers, surface waters and the atmosphere. Sometimes oceans are mistaken for available water, but the amount of energy needed to convert saline water to potable water is prohibitive today, explaining why only a very small fraction of the world's water supply derives from desalination. The Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water between 1990 and 2015 is a target we are aiming for. Although some countries still face enormous challenges. Rural communities are the furthest from meeting the 2015 MDGs drinking water target. Globally only 27% of the rural population has water piped directly to their home and 24% rely on unimproved sources. Of the 884 million people without access to an improved water source, 746 million people (84%) live in rural areas. Sub-Saharan Africa has made the least progress in improved water sources since 1990, improving only 9% to 2006. In contrast, the Eastern Asian region saw a dramatic drop from 45% to 9% reliance on unimproved water in the same time period. The shortage of water in our country is slowly affecting the lives of people as well as the environment around them. Some of the major issues that need urgent attention are: †¢ As a result of excessive extraction of ground water to meet agriculture, industrial and domestic demands, drinking water is not available during the ritical summer months in many parts of the country. †¢ About 10 per cent of the rural and urban population does not have access to regular safe drinking water and many more are threatened. Most of them depend on unsafe water sources to meet their daily needs. Moreover, water shortages in cities and villages have led to large volumes of water being collected and transported over great distances by tankers and pipelines. †¢ Chemical contaminants namely fluoride, arsenic and selenium pose a very serious health hazard in the country. It is estimated that about 70 million people in 20 states are at risk due to excess fluoride and around 10 million people are at risk due to excess arsenic in ground water. Apart from this, increase in the concentration of chloride, TDS, nitrate, iron in ground water is of great concern for a sustainable drinking water programme. All these need to be tackled holistically. With over extraction of groundwater the concentration of chemicals is increasing regularly. †¢ Ingress of seawater into coastal aquifers as a result of over-extraction of ground water has made water supplies more saline, unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. Pollution of ground and surface waters from agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) and from industry poses a major environmental health hazard, with potentially significant costs to the country. The World Bank has estimated that the total cost of environmental, damage in India amounts to US$9. 7 billion annually, or 4. 5 per cent of the gross domestic product. Of this, 59 per cent results from the health impacts of water pollution (World Bank 1995). DRINKING WATER POLLUTION Availability of drinking water is largely affected by its pollution, which has been leading and will lead to a decrease in its availability in the coming future. Drinking water pollution is a bigger problem than most people realize. While drinking water filters and bottled water has become a staple in our society, most consumers still use unfiltered drinking water for cooking, filling pet water bowls and bottles, and for mixing powdered drink mixes. Drinking water pollution is a big enough problem within our country to warrant the same vigilance as we give other health hazards. There are numerous sources that pile up into serious contamination potential for all drinking water. Whether your water is coming from a well on your property or if you are using â€Å"filtered† city water sources, the chances that you have a problem with drinking water pollution is quite high. Groundwater testing has shown that in any given area throughout the country as many as 200 variable contaminants have been detected. Long term exposure can create numerous health problems, including lead poisoning. While not every single contaminant is destined to cause a serious health problem or even any health problem at all, you can not count on your local contaminants to be harmless. Agriculture practices are one of the largest sources of groundwater contaminants. The chemical used in controlling bugs and other chemically based treatments run directly into the groundwater supply. Pesticides and poisonous agricultural raw waste can contaminate more than 40% of the surrounding groundwater. Ingress of seawater into coastal aquifers as a result of over-extraction of ground water has made water supplies more saline, unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. Pollution of ground and surface waters from agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) and from industry poses a major environmental health hazard, with potentially significant costs to the country. Another major contributor to drinking water pollution is urban run off. Another human based contribution that needs to be controlled at the source in order to save our drinking water supply. When rain washes urban trash, chemicals, and pollutants from the structures and roadways of populated areas, there is no way for the water to filter itself on its way to the groundwater. Everything from basic trash, cigarette butts, antifreeze, motor oil, gasoline, pesticides, and other daily use products are all contributing factors in groundwater contamination caused by urban run off. Practicing safer disposal practices of automobile chemicals, putting together trash clean up projects, and using environmentally safe household products can help cut down on urban run off pollutants. Lead is one of the most concerning urban run off pollutants, as lead poisoning can cause learning problems, chronic emotional and health issues, and is non-reversible. Drinking lead contaminated water is a serious health problem. Water Treatment Water treatment is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from raw water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. It is important to take measures to make available water of desirable quality at the consumer end. That leads to protection of the treated water during conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is common practice to have residual disinfectants in the treated water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination after water treatment. Processes for treatment of drinking water: The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide: Pre-treatment: It consists or removal of large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. It also includes treatment of water with soda-ash to remove hardness or chlorine to minimize the growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. pH adjustment: Distilled water has a pH of 7. If the water is acidic, lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide is added to raise the pH. Acid (HCl or H2SO4) may be added to basic waters in some circumstances to lower the pH. Making the water slightly basic ensures that coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and lead solder in pipe fittings. Flocculation: It is a process which removes any turbidity or color so that the water is clear and colorless and is done by causing a precipitate to form in the water which can be removed using simple physical methods. Coagulants / flocculating agents that may be used include: Iron (III) hydroxide Aluminium hydroxide PolyDADMAC Sedimentation: Water exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a settling basin. The dimensions of the tank are chosen such that it can lead to maximum particles settling down. As particles settle to the bottom of the basin, a layer of sludge is formed on the floor of the tank. This layer of sludge must be removed and treated accordingly. Filtration: After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc. Different types of filters are: Rapid sand filters Slow sand filters Lava filters Disinfection: It is accomplished both by filtering out harmful microbes and also by adding disinfectant chemicals in the last step in purifying drinking water. Different types of disinfections are: Chlorine disinfection Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection Ozone disinfection Ultraviolet disinfection Hydrogen peroxide disinfection Various portable methods of disinfection Solar water disinfection Biological processes are also employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge etc. There is no unique solution (selection of processes) for any type of water. Also, it is difficult to standardize the solution in the form of processes for water from different sources. Selection of any of the following methods depends on the scale of the plant and quality of the water. Wastage/Conservation of Water Water is needed for our survival. It is the most important resource for us. So its high time for us to realize this and start conserving water. So we need awareness among people so that each individual puts effort at their level and contribute to the larger cause on the whole. Saving the earth from such a crisis would not be possible without the efforts of each individual. People can start at home by not letting their taps open and by not spilling the drinking water. People should not let their taps run when its not needed. It is important for them to realize that millions of people don't even get access to drinking water. Government needs to implement stricter laws to avoid wastage of water during distribution. Higher fines can be imposed on people who waste water and higher incentives can be given to those conserving water. Recycled water can be used for gardening, washing etc. Due to the current water crisis. Only during times of shortage, do we take emergency measures; saving water should be followed even when there is surplus. If not for the current water shortage, not many would have taken notice of such occasions. During the time when we used to get good rainfall, we never conserved water. A large city needs billions of litres of drinking water every day to service the needs. We will have to make alternate water sources like rainwater harvesting, dig wells and bore wells for our use. The civic corporation should take the initiative to check the broken water pipelines. Such networks rupture occasionally which result in wastage of water every day and should repair it. There should be a specific limit for using water, every society should strictly abide by it should be enforced by society’s office bearers. Due to leakage to existing drinking water pipelines, every day millions of litres of drinking water is going waste. If wastage is stopped the drinking water supply will improve to some extent. The supply of drinking water is not increasing according to demand. As a result, drinking water scarcity is arising. Urban Water Supply Even though the rate of urbanisation in India is among the lowest in the world, the nation has more than 250 million city-dwellers. Experts predict that this number will rise even further, and by 2020, about 50 per cent of India's population will be living in cities. This is going to put further pressure on the already strained centralised water supply systems of urban areas. The urban water supply and sanitation sector in the country is suffering from inadequate levels of service, an increasing demand-supply gap, poor sanitary conditions and deteriorating financial and technical performance. According to Central Public Health Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) estimates, as on 31 March 2000, 88 per cent of urban population has access to a potable water supply. But this supply is highly erratic and unreliable. Transmission and distribution networks are old and poorly maintained, and generally of a poor quality. Consequently physical losses are typically high, ranging from 25 to over 50 per cent. Low pressures and intermittent supplies allow back siphoning, which results in contamination of water in the distribution network. Water is typically available for only 2-8 hours a day in most Indian cities. The situation is even worse in summer when water is available only for a few minutes, sometimes not at all. A Stress Situation According to a World Bank study, of the 27 Asian cities with populations of over 1,000,000, Chennai and Delhi are ranked as the worst performing metropolitan cities in terms of hours of water availability per day, while Mumbai is ranked as second worst performer and Calcutta fourth worst (Source: Background Paper – International Conference on New Perspectives on Water for Urban & Rural India – 18-19 September, 2001, New Delhi. ) In most cities, centralised water supply systems depend on surface water sources like rivers and lakes. Chennai, for instance, has to bring in water from a distance of 200 km whereas Bangalore gets its water from the Cauvery river, which is 95 km away. Where surface water sources fail to meet the rising demand, groundwater reserves are being tapped, often to unsustainable levels. Delhi: The nation's capital is perpetually in the grip of a water crisis, more so during the dry season, when the situation gets particularly worse. As the demand-supply gap widens, more groundwater is being exploited. Of the water supplied by the municipality, approximately 11 per cent comes from groundwater reserves and remaining from the Yamuna river. It is, however, difficult to establish the total quantity of groundwater extracted because a large number of tubewells (owned by individuals, industries and bottled water companies) remain unregistered. In Delhi approximately 13 per cent (Source: Zerah. , M Helene, 2000, Water – Unreliable Supply in Delhi, French Research Institute of India) households do not receive water every day and in Rajkot, Gujarat, water availability in April 2000 was only for 30 minutes every alternate day. Rural Water Supply The rural population of India comprises more than 700 million people residing in about 1. 42 million habitations spread over 15 diverse ecological regions. It is true that providing drinking water to such a large population is an enormous challenge. Our country is also characterised by non-uniformity in level of awareness, socio-economic development, education, poverty, practices and rituals which add to the complexity of providing water. Dependence on the state has meant that with the cost of water supply being high and cost recovery being poor, the financial sustainability of water schemes has run aground, and repairs and maintenance is abysmal. With people having no interest in using water carefully, the sustainability of water has itself become questionable. There are serious problems with government drinking water supply schemes. Despite government efforts, the number of ‘problem villages' does not seem to go down, The government has indeed invested heavily on water resources development, which focussed on large-scale irrigation development for increasing green revolution-style agriculture production and drinking water supply programmes. Yet, a large part of the country remains drought-prone. This is because no specific effort has been made to drought-proof rainfed areas which suffer from high rainfall variability from year to year. Role of Government Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Environment and Forest and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare all have got a different roles to play to provide drinking water of adequate quantity and potable quality to meet the health needs of the community. All of them are involved and play their respective roles to provide quality water and its management. Roles of different agencies are listed below: †¢ Ministry of Water Resources: The Central Ground Water Board is monitoring both quantitative and qualitative data with regard to ground water. Apart from this CGWB has developed ground water maps concerning various qualitative issues. †¢ Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation: Working through various Urban Bodies, the Ministry is involved in monitoring drinking water quality in the urban agglomerations. There are quite a few Water Boards especially in Metro Cities who are equipped to take up the job, but not all urban bodies keep watch of the quality of water being provided on regular basis. †¢ Ministry of Rural Development: Department of Drinking Water in the Ministry is working through State public Health Engineering Departments or Water oards are monitoring the drinking water quality in the rural areas of the country. Almost all the districts do have WQ laboratory. Though WQ is generally tested during installation, follow up testing is not done on regular basis. The department in certain places is initiating community involvement for WQ testing including â€Å"Catchments Approach†. †¢ Ministry of Environment and Forests: Working through Central Pollution Control Board, the Ministry is involved in monitoring water quality of main rivers and big water bodies. Most of these water sources are being used for drinking water purposes. So CPCB itself or through State Pollution Control Boards is having a watch on raw water quality. †¢ Ministry of Health: So far the Ministry had been playing a limited role with regard to drinking water surveillance in some selected areas. But with the inclusion of drinking water under food category, MoH will be playing a significant role. Also Indian government enforced National water policy in 2002 and water pollution act( prevention and control) 1975 for maintaining water quantity and quality. CONCLUSIONS It takes the cooperation and the education of everyone to help clean up our biggest drinking water threats. The more environmentally friendly everyone becomes, the closer we get to finding cleaner drinking water and protecting our natural environment. Industrial and personal responsibility for our environment is the first and most significant step toward clean drinking water in the country in every community. According to a 2007 World Health Organization report, 1. 1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply, 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrhea disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and 1. million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe water. Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year. Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public hea lth goal in developing countries.

Acquainted With The Night By Robert Frost Essay - 1670 Words

Acquainted with Ambiguity: An Analysis of Robert’s Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† Born at the end of the 19th century and writing into the 20th century, poet Robert Frost is famous for putting a 20th century spin on 19th century poetic conventions (Robert Frost). His 1928 poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is one of the best examples of this spin, combining modern experimental techniques with a set structure and rhyme scheme. In the poem, the speaker recounts his/her ambiguous relationship with the night, as well as the events that have occurred during the night. Many critics have focused on uncovering the identity of the speaker, with some even arguing that the speaker represents Frost and his struggle with unconventional poetry. However, by focusing solely on the speaker’s identity, these critics tend to overlook how other aspects of the poem, including rhyme scheme, structure, and tone, can also contribute to the overall effect of the poem. Therefore, as a result of Frost’s manipulation of rhyme scheme and sentence length, his use of ambiguous language, and his inclusion of symbols, I argue that Frost uses the speaker as a vessel to force the audience to become acquainted with ambiguity and appreciate poetry for what it is, not as a checklist of literary elements. Frost’s manipulation of rhyme scheme prevents the poem from falling into the category of a terza rima sonnet. On the surface, â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† has a standard form and rhyme scheme:Show MoreRelatedAcquainted With The Night By Robert Frost1553 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frost s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is about a man who frequently journeys out at night and roams about the city alone. He is familiar with the atmosphere around him and it’s apparent he has wandered far beyond the city. Throughout the poem the speaker does not communicate with anyone and a sense of silence and suspense pervade his walks. It is understood that the speaker is very lonely on his walks and often finds himself hoping some one would call out to him. As the speaker strolls throughRead MoreAcquainted with the Night by Robert Frost1065 Words   |  5 PagesAcquainted with the Night by Robert Frost is a poem about a person who is well acquainted with the night. In this poem, the author or the speaker explains why he/she is well acquainted with the night. It seems as the poem progresses that the speaker enjoys walks through the night of a city, and that he also enjoys walks in rainy nights. The speaker goes down a sad area of the city were he encounters a watchman were he/she ignores. When the speakers stop because he/she listens to a cry, whichRead MoreAcquainted With The Night By Robert Frost1436 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is a poem written by Robert Frost, and it was first published in 1928. The poem is about the narrator’s experience on one sad lonely night while having some depression in the rain. The poem only has fourteen lines and has a clea r structure; however, the meaning of the poem is deep. Since, the poem is short and clear, readers often are able to connect to the poem. The poem was about the narrator walking down the street of city at a rainy night. He was reflectingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Acquainted With The Night By Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† by Robert Frost is not simply about a walk being taken on a rainy night, as one would assume on their first reading. Instead a closer reading of the poem will reveal to the reader a much darker journey. As the speaker describes his trudge through the city streets, the reader begins to see that this is far more than a walk through a gloomy night; it is a man’s journey through depression. While Frost’s dark poem is written much like a sonnet, having fourteen linesRead More Isolation in Acquainted with the Night, by Robert Frost Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesIsolation in â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†, by Robert Frost Robert Frost was indeed one of the most important and influential writers in the history of American Literature. His unique style and incredible use of imageries give his readers a deep understanding of his works. In his poem, â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†, by using a smooth and static rhythm, bleak and dreary imageries, unique diction, and well-thought syntax of sentences, Frost conveys a feeling of lonesome and isolation. The poem’sRead MoreRobert Frost Essay example646 Words   |  3 PagesRobert Frost Robert Frost was the most popular American poet of the twentieth century. Most Americans recognize his name, the titles of and lines from his best-known poems, and even his face. Given his immense popularity, it is a remarkable testimony to the extent of his achievement that he is also considered to be one of the greatest, if not the very greatest, of modern American poets. #8230;the life and work of Americas premier poet- the only truly national poet America has yet produced(Parini23)Read MoreBeing A Freshman At Lincoln University Has Been An Interesting1095 Words   |  5 PagesI would be comfortable with. Genuine happiness has never existed for me while attend Lincoln University. This moment in my life reminds me of the poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† by Robert Frost, which embodies all aspects of emptiness through poetic devices, language, and personal history. â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is a poem by Robert Frost written in 1928. The poem is written in iambic pentameter as a sonnet consisting of four three line stanzas, also referred to as tercets followed by a rhymingRead MoreRobert Frost s Life Through Poetry1745 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 23, 2016 Robert Frost Reflects Life Through Poetry It is easy to express your emotions, and feelings through poetry. Which is exactly what Robert Frost has done through his entire career. Each poem Robert Frost has written, has meaning behind it all. He has gone through an extreme amount of events, and tragedies in his life. Frost has been through an unimaginable amount of losses, deaths, and loneliness throughout his years. Throughout his life his poetry has had a huge impact on him, the situationsRead MoreSocial Isolation In Robert Frosts Acquainted With The Night801 Words   |  4 Pagesso long and tackled by many writers, such as Robert Frost. The poem by Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night, is about depression and how it makes individuals feel isolated, resulting in facing depression alone and coming to the conclusion that a feeling of loneliness is simply the human condition. Symbolism is used throughout the poem to describe experiences. For instance, the speaker’s walks are metaphors for depression, using rain and the late night to carry this theme. In the first stanza, itRead MoreAnalysis of Acquainted with the Night and Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening1471 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper first draft 16th Nov 2011 In a Dark Night, I Find My Answers. The two poems â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† written by Robert Frost are very similar to each other because of the simplistic form of language used and the uses of metaphors. When we first read the poem, it looks like an ordinary poem but once we go in depth and understand the meaning, it becomes so much more. Both of the poem has a very dark, gloomy and lonely setting with a really

Sources of Motivation Research Papers

Introduction According to Franken (2001), motivation is an internal state or condition in humans, which rejuvenates thus behavior refreshing its focus. Oliver (2009) quotes Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981a) as saying the condition is described using synonymic words such as want, need, or desire. Motivation is an internal condition or state in which human behavior gets to desire, or wants to reenergize or be influenced. The behavior is given a new direction and is activated. Motivation results from within an individual and the surrounding, and can be conceptualized as an impulse emanating from within or outside the precincts of a person. Motivation not only does affect the process of choice and birth of specific goal, but also entirely control and direct that specific activity towards the goals. In other words, motivation is a ‘process whereby a goal oriented-activity is instigated and sustained.’ Simplified, it is the cause for starting, directing, and maintaining behaviors; or ‘that which make us act the way we do’ Domyei and Schmidt (2009). Sources of motivation Barbuto (Jr) . Trout (2004), proposes several perspectives of exploring sources of motivation. These include psychosocial, need-based, intrinsic, social identity, value-based, goal setting, self concept-based and developmental. According to Barbuto and Scholl (1999) there are five sources of motivation which comprises of intrinsic process, instrumental, external self-concept-external, internal self-concept, and goal internalization. Intrinsic Process Motivation This is where someone’s motivation is driven by the desire to have fun. For instance, intrinsic motivation occurs if an individual may be motivated to abscond or divert from relevant goal-achieving activities to pursue those acts that he/she considers as giving more fun. In this case, the activity opted becomes an incentive and the source of motivation (Leonard et al 1999). The desire to have fun or enjoyment derived from a specific task or goals becomes the motivator. Intrinsic motivators drive individuals to those activities they consider pleasurable. Such people are likely to be sidetracked from tasks relevant to a specific or original goals attainment and alternatively pursue activity that give them fun. Instrumental Motivation Motivation is derived from an anticipated outcome such as reward, pay, or praise. In this case, the anticipated outcome becomes the instrument for motivation. The instruments will mold or direct an individual’s behavior towards a particular direction. (Barbuto Jr Trout, 2004) External Self Concept-based Motivation This is where the agent of motivation is adopted from struggle to meet the expectation of reference groups. It is rather external based as the individual attempts to satisfy the expectation of others (reference groups or peers) by acting or behaving is particular way that wins approval or gain feedback in line with self-perception of the individual. According McClelland (1987), the need to gain acceptance and status affiliation, motivate people to live, work or behavior in such a way that depict these phenomenon. Internal Self Concept-based Motivation Barbuto Jr . Trout (1999) assert that a person may be motivated by personally set standards and principles. The set standards and principles guide individual behavior thus becoming a motivator and a source of motivation. To individually gain motivation from such intrinsic sources, they consider own effort in achieving the ideal self, belief own actions and ideas are instrumental in perfecting a task; to them others need not to reinforce on his/her efforts. Goal Internalization A behavior may also be guided or directed by an internalized goal. When an individual adopt an attitude and behavior consistent to self-value system, the person is said to have an internalized-goal. Such a person considers the goals as instrumental, and this drive him/her to act or behave towards the goals that support the cause. The relationship between motivation and behavior Motivation and behavior have a direct relationship. One is depicts the other. Scholars of psychology have argued that humans are goal-oriented creatures of nature. Motivation is the link to the goal and the behavior. One of the ways in which the two are related is when motivation guides behavior toward particular goals. Ormrod (2009) argue that people set goals and instigate mechanisms of achieving the goals. Motivation guide individuals to the goals, it affects decisions, choices and efforts people make in specific situation. Motivation also dictates the amount of effort and persistence individuals invest in activities related to the goals one want to achieve or needs. Motivated individuals behave enthusiastically and wholeheartedly commit themselves to tasks that leads them achieving what they desire. Such individual are persistent and are like to endure challenges that may come their way until the task is completed (Oliver, 2009). How behavior exhibit motivation Behavior is the platform in which motivated individual exhibit their motivations. It important do not that not all form of motivation affects human behavior in the same way. Barbuto Jr. and Trout (2004), advocate that intrinsic behavior is more exhibited and better than extrinsic. Using two case examples, Barbuto Jr. and Trout explain how motivation is depicted differently in two college students. In the first case, a student is motivated to take a course because earning an A or B in the class would help him get a scholarship at a prestigious university where he is desperate. He is least committed to class activities and rarely commits his task in time. The second case is where another student loves writing, and has taken a class not only to get the same scholarship but also to improve her writing techniques. She engages a lot in the learning process, always proactive. She writes for the college magazines and reads extensively. In Barbuto Jr. and Trout’s, the first’s student’ behavior exhibits extrinsic motivation. External factors engage the student. Extrinsically motivated individuals whose driving force are good graded, money, praise or other instruments usually performs task as means to an end not as an end in itself. On the other hand, the second case, the student exhibited intrinsic motivators in play. The factors motivating the student are within and inherent the task she is performing. In intrinsically motivated individuals, there are more than one psychological goals to accomplish associated within a specific the tasks. Such individuals are enthusiastic to engage in a task because its accomplishment will make them feel competent, better, enjoyable or satisfied (Barbuto Jr Trout, 2004). References Barbuto J. E (Jr). . Trout S. K., (2004) Identifying sources of motivation of adult rural workers. Journal of Agricultural Education 45(3), University of Nebraska-Linc. Barbuto, J. E., Scholl, R. W. (1999). Leader’s sources of motivation and perceptions of follower’s motivation as predictors of leader’s influence tactics used. Psychological    Reports, 84, 1087-1098. Dà ¶rnyei Z., Schmidt R., (2001). Motivation and second language acquisition. Honolulu, USA: National Foreign Language Resource Centre Franken, R. (2001). Human motivation. (5th edn.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Leonard, N. H., Beauvais, L. L., Scholl, R. W. (1999). Work motivation: The incorporation of self based processes. The Journal of Human Relations, 52: 969-998. McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press Oliver R. L., (2009) Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. New York, USA: M.E. Sharpe, Sharpe Ltd Ormrod J.E., (2009) Essentials of Educational Psychology, New Jersey, USA: Pearson    Education. 189-192.

Public Schools - Sex Education in the Classroom Essay

Sex Education in the Classroom Teenage unplanned pregnancies continue to increase and the Aids epidemic is still wiping out entire populations rapidly worldwide. Here in the United States we hear little about the ongoing battle that is being fought between parents, educators and government officials, with the outcome having a significant impact on our childrens lives. Programs that teach sex education in the classroom and promote distribution of condoms are constantly under siege by radical groups who believe very strongly in their religious teachings and choose to ignore the truth. The sex education programs are having an immediate impact on the choices the teenagers are making who attend them. To date any abstinence only†¦show more content†¦With these staggering numbers of teenagers becoming pregnant, it is cruel of parents to demand our schools to only teach abstinence programs to sexually active children and not follow through with any other type of education or alternative means of birth control. Another example of the parents not understanding what their children are dealing with on a daily basis is the sexually transmitted disease epidemic. Teenagers are contracting HIV/AIDS at an alarming rate. We can now assume that unprotected sex is almost a guarantee to becoming infected with some type of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD). The Adolescent Health Monograph Data Sources reports, HIV infection and AIDS are now the sixth leading cause of death among young persons aged 15 to 24 years old (Health). This would have to be a low estimate when we take into consideration the 8 to 10 year incubation period of HIV before it becomes the AIDS virus. No one is able to tell if their chosen sexual partner is infected with the HIV/AIDS virus because they may not carry visible signs for a very long time. If the parents and educators understood the facts about the transmission of STDs, they would certainly approach the subject differently. It is now estimated that 1 in 20 teenagers will co ntract a sexually transmitted disease each year (Health). Now the question becomes, how do we as a society protect our children from becoming infected with a potentially deadly disease? TheShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex Education Is Overall More Effective For Most People1274 Words   |  6 PagesSingle sex education is overall more effective for most people. It helps with multiple aspects of a person s personality. This specific education helps students gain confidence, feel comfortable, and lets students be themselves. It’s no surprise that boys and girls were educated separately in the colonial times (Kennedy). During the 1960s and the 1970s, the number of single sex schools began to decrease. The main reason for this decrease was out of respect for women s rights and equalityRead MoreSingle Sex Education Has Been Growing Popularity Since The 2002 No Child Left Behind Act Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesSingle-sex education has been growing in popularity since the 2002 No Child Left Behind Act was passed, allowing local educational agencies to use â€Å"Innovative Programs† funds to support same-gender schools and classrooms â€Å"consistent with existing law.† The U.S. Department of Education loosened its Title IX regulation in 2006 to diminish prohibitions on single-sex education. While simply separating boys and girls doesn’t guarantee success, schools that use best practices for gender-specific teachingRead MoreSingle-Gender Classrooms Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesgirls differ in their learning styles. Capitalizing on these differences could advance classroom performance. With on-going concerns about student success in school, any changes in the classroom that could increase student achievement should be considered. Recognizing the learning differences between boys and girls, one of the changes that could be instituted is single-gender classrooms. Single-gender classrooms would allow boys and girls to be instructed in a way that is conducive to them. LiteratureRead MoreSingle Sex Education : Harmful Or Helpful?1654 Words   |  7 PagesSingle Sex Education: Harmful or Helpful? Imagine walking down a hallway, where there are two doors opposite of each other. One of the doors is covered in pink frills and pictures of princesses, while the other is decked in blue and pictures of sports. From the pink door, giggles are heard along with sounds of cups clicking as girls have a tea party. While from the blue door, sounds of pretend racecars and children running can be heard. Now, are these classes taught equally? The public school systemRead MoreSingle Sex Schools : Primary Schools946 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex schools, specifically primary schools, are more beneficial to students because they facilitate higher test scores, superior academic outcomes, and greater engagement in school activities. Parents and educators have debated since the early nineteenth century whether to educate students in single-sex or co-ed schools. Currents studies have shown that single-sex schools achieve higher in academic success. Students with higher academic success become adu lts with a brighter future that canRead MoreDo Same-Sex High Schools Promote Educational Success?1584 Words   |  7 PagesDo Same-Sex High Schools Promote Educational Success? By Kyle Neugebauer 3/11/2012 In this paper I am going to try to persuade you that same-sex high schools promote educational success. Single-sex education is an old approach that has recently gained new momentum. When we think about single-sex education, we tend to think just about private schools; however, there is a new push to create same-sex education in public schools as well. There are several arguments and statistics I will useRead MoreSingle Sex Instruction Is An Old Approach That Is Increasing New Force1243 Words   |  5 PagesSingle-sex instruction is an old approach that is increasing new force. While single-sex instruction has since a long time ago existed in numerous non-public schools, it s a moderately new choice for state funded schools. The National Association for Single-Sex Public Education gauges that around 400 government funded schools now offer some type of single-sex training. What is filling this development? What s more, what are the dangers and advantages of single-sex training? A main impetus inRead MoreDania Jaser. Educational Psychology 2242. Kristen Kwasny.1734 Words   |  7 PagesKristen Kwasny 3 March 2017 Are Single-sex schools better? Recently single-sex schools have made a comeback, and this has raised the question of whether they are better than coeducational schools. In single-sex educational systems, male and female students are separated and taught in different school buildings or classrooms. In a historical point of view, only boys were given the opportunity to pursue formal education in the United States. Schools for women began to spread in the beginning ofRead MoreSingle Sex Education : Single Gender Education1458 Words   |  6 PagesSingle-gender education has become more and more popular in the last few years. There are many people and organizations who like the idea and would like to continue it and other organizations that think single-sex education could make our school systems revert back to a time with gender inequalities. Single sex education breaks down gender stereotypes and in many cases limits distractions for a student in a classroom especially in a student’s teenage years. Opponents to single-gender education claim thatRead MoreInfanticide And Single Sex Education1284 Words   |  6 PagesCoeducation and single-sex education are both extensively used around the world. By the 1980s, more and more schools which only severed male or female became coed. Even though, many parents still send their kids to only men school or only women school now days. Then why would some people choose a only men or only women school? Is it against the â€Å"gender equality†? In the early civilizations, education was informally and it was primarily households. As time passed, people began to get educated more

Diabetes Eye Disease Diabetic Retinopathy

Question: Discuss about the Diabetes Eye Disease for Diabetic Retinopathy. Answer: Introduction According to the American Diabetes Association, (ADA, 2014) diabetes mellitus can be defined as a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar which is known as hyperglycemia. It can be categorized into three classes; diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 2 is the most common one. It is mainly caused by resistance of body cells to insulin, which is involved in regulation of blood sugar. This results in abnormally high levels of sugar, a conditioned known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes eye diseases occur as a complication associated with the high blood sugar. These diseases are: diabetes retinopathy, diabetes macular edema, cataracts and glaucoma. Diabetes retinopathy is the most common one. Diabetes macular edema is associated with diabetes retinopathy. Glaucoma and cataracts can develop secondarily after development of retinopathy. These diseases may cause difficulty in seeing and may ultimately result in blindness. In the discussion below, the anatomy of the eye has been explained to detail and the circumstances that would lead to retinopathy, the stages in retinopathy, and the way this can be handled in order to spare Mr. Smiths eyesight. Anatomy of the Eye The eye is the organ involved in sight.it converts light rays into signals that are transmitted into the brain where they are interpreted. When the word eye is mentioned it sparks up three terminologies that are very relevant to the topic. According to P. Kronfeld, (2014) the anatomy of the eye can be discussed under the following categories; the eyeball, the orbit and extra ocular muscles. The gross anatomy and embryology of the eye. The orbit refers to bony structure of the skull where the eye ball is located. The eyeball is the functional part of an eye that is involved in the transduction of light rays into signals. The eyeball is surrounded by an upper and lower eyelid with eye lashes. These are a protective mechanism against physical damage of the eyeball. The outer transparent layer covering the eyeball is known as the conjunctiva. Part of the eye that appears white and surrounds a colored section is called sclera, while the colored section is known as iris. The iris has diffe rent kinds of pigmentations depending on the race which one belongs to. The central part of the iris is an aperture known as the pupil. The iris expands and constricts to alter the size of the pupil in order to focus the light rays. Behind the iris is a transparent convex lens which converge the rays on the retina. At the back of the eyeball is the retina. This is a light sensitive layer of cells involved in the transduction of light to signal. It contains rods and cone cells. The area of sharpest vision is known as fovea reticularis. The signal is transmitted through the optic disk to the optic nerve then to the brain. There is are two chambers filled with fluid; the aqueous and vitreous humor. The extra ocular muscles coordinate the movement of the eyeball upwards, downwards and sideways. Mechanism of Vision In view Martin J. Touvee (2013) the major function of the eye is to trap light rays and focus them on the retina (p.10). Introduction to visual systems Light rays are able to reach the retina due to the transparent nature of the eyeball structures. It first passes through the conjunctiva. The iris restricts the amount of light entering the eye. When the light is too bright, it constricts reducing the amount of light reaching the retina. If the light is too dim it relaxes widening the pupil. The iris has melanin pigment to absorb stray rays which would form multiple images. The lens converges the rays to form an image on the retina. The retina has a black pigment that prevents the light rays from bouncing back. The rods and cones transduce light energy into signal transmitted through optic nerve to the part of the brain that interprets the signal into an image that can be perceived. Diabetes Retinopathy This is a condition that results from high amounts of blood sugar, a characteristic of diabetes mellitus. A persistently high blood sugar leads to destruction of the blood vessels of the retina. It leads to leakage of the blood vessel contents which distorts vision. The main reasons for loss of vision in patients with diabetes mellitus are diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (M. Netwich and W. Ulbig, 2015, p.1) Diabetes retinopathy progresses in four distinct stages. The first stage is mild non proliferative retinopathy.in this stage there is only swelling of small blood vessels a condition referred to as micro aneurysms. Vision is minimally distorted. The second is moderate non proliferative retinopathy.in this case blood vessels swell and may lose their ability nourish the retina. This stage is associated with diabetes macula edema and it cause changes in retinal appearance.in the third stage, severe non proliferative retinopathy, a growth factor that prom otes growth of new blood vessels is released. In the final advanced stage, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, new blood vessels grow from the retina. They are more fragile and likely to leak and bleed. As the vessels heal scar formation may cause contraction that can detach the retina. This may lead to permanent vision loss. Conclusion Diabetes retinopathy develops due to failure of proper management of the blood sugar levels. According to Kilari, E. K., Putta, S. (2017). Taking the medication correctly and taking a healthy diet delays vision loss. Delayed Progression of Diabetic Cataract genesis and Retinopathy, Cutaneous and ocular toxicology,36 (1), 52-59. Medication includes insulin and other hyperglycemic drugs. Dilated eye exam is also necessary to monitor progression. Retinopathy in Mr. Smith can be managed through therapies and adhering to doctors advice on medication and diet References The American Diabetes Association. (2014). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), S81-S90. Kronfeld. P. C. (2014). The Gross Anatomy and Embryology of the Eye. The Eye,1(968), 1. Martin J .Tovee (2001). Introduction to visual systems; eye and forming images.(10-17) Nentwich, M. M., Ulbig, M. W.(2015). Diabetic retinopathy-ocular complications of diabetes mellitus. World journal of diabetes,6(3), 489. American Diabetes Association. (2014). Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes2014. Kilari, E. K., Putta, S. (2017). Delayed progression of diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy by Litchi chinensis in STZ-induced diabetic rats.Cutaneous and ocular toxicology,36(1), 52-59.